La Voz de Aztlan, April 10 1973
Item
Title
La Voz de Aztlan, April 10 1973
Creator
Associated Students of Fresno State
Relation
La Voz de Aztlan (Daily Collegian, California State University, Fresno)
Coverage
Fresno, California
Date
4/10/1973
Format
PDF
Identifier
SCUA_lvda_00039
extracted text
Student defends
La Raza studies
By Juanita Saragoza
In our last installment on the
politically passi ,e student, we
explored ways of making contact
with non-involved students. The
responsibility of offering alternatives to the inactive Chicano
student must be shared among
various components of the Chicano campus community. A large
measure of this responsibility
lies with the La Raza Studies program.
However, there are two major
problems in the attempts of La
Raza Studies faculty reaching the
unaware Chicano student. First,
many Chicano students view La
Raza Studies based on inculcated
standards of the established
norms of higher education. Hence,
they expect La Raza Studies
courses, teachers. classes to
meet those norms -- not to challenge them or to question their
validity. Thus they expect a lot of
reading, homework, tests , quizzes. term papers, etc., all of
ASB ·eledion
applications
deadline necr
}-
LA
which have their place, but t ey
should also have a function ot fer
than perpetuating the system
"schooling" as opposed to education (another issue too lengthy to
discuss here). Because of stereotypes, hearsay, rumor fa 1 s e
impressions, La Raza' studies
courses have been labeled as
academically inferior, as being
"easy," as being subjective. as
being one-sided. etc, Thus, many
unaware students will rationalize
their ono-participation in La Raza
Studies classes with a number of
reasons such as •they don't count
for my major;" or "I don't have
the time." etc. In effect, La Raza
Studies are a waste of time. Manv
of these students have never take~
a course from La Raza Studies
but they "just know" that all L~
Raza classes are a "bunch of
rhetoric" and "bullshit."
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
Of course, La Raza studies has
always had an academic basis
California State University, Fresno
which was too often obscured by
other issues, thus many students
never took the classes seriously.
As a consequence, La Raza
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 11, 1973
Studies has had a difficult time
LXXVll/116
attracting students in general, but
politically unaware students in
particular. In a variety of wavs
however, the faculty has ~t ~
tempted to communicate the academic purpose of the program,
with steady, if slow, results. It
seems, finally, the politically
passive has discovered that there
is a history, a literature, a sociology, an art, in essence, a body
of knowledge, of value and validity
that comprises the study of La
Raza. Indeed such studies are in
a formative stage, but its "youth"
members are found in predomiMexican Americans in NewMex(Editor's No•2: The following is
ico make up a larger percentas a field of study indicates the
nantly Chicano schools or disa · United States Ci vii Rights
ignorance and neglect of the Anglo
tricts.
age - 38 per cent - than in any
Commission Report on Mexicanfor La Raza.
Pertinent demographic inforother state in the Southwest. Most
American Education and what it
mation is also revealed In the
It's funny, almost, to see and
Mexican American students are
means to the Chicano.)
to hear the surprise of many
first report. According to the
enrolled in schools of large urstudents that La Raza Studies
study, there are slightly over two
ban districts with enrollment of
FINDINGS - FIRST REPORT
instrµctors actually give lecThree gene r al conclusions
million Spanish surnamed stu10,000 or more.
tures, assign readings and give_ emerge from the first report dents, including Mexican AmeriAccording to commission cricans, Puerto.Ricans, Cuban/5 and
pop quizzes. Yet it is at this point
"Ethnic Isolation of Mexican
teria, two-thirds of all Mexican
that the second major problem
Americans in the Public Schools
other Latin Americans, in the · American students in the survey
of the Southwest." First, Mexican
public schools of the United
area attend ethnically balanced
arises in "making contact" with
American public school students
States, excluding Hawaii. This
the unaware student. It seems that
schools.
are "severely isolated by school
Except for custodians or teachaccounts for about five per cent
the uninvolved student not only
district and by schools within
of the total U.S. school populaer aides, Mexican Americans
expects La Raza Studies classes
individual districts." This means
tion.
comprise significantly less of
to live up to the standards of
that , according to the study, MexOf the two million-plus Spanish
school staffs than they do of enother classes, but to supercede
ican Americans experience a high
surnamed students in the u.s.,
rollment. About 12, 000, or four
them. In their search for validity
degree of segregation by school
1.4 million or 70 per cent are
per cent , of the teachers of the
as Chicanos, they must convince
building and school district.
enrolled in the five Southwestern
Southwest are Mexican Amerithemselves that their growing
Secondly, Chicanos are largely
can, while over 17 per cent of the
states of Arizona, California,
realization of self-discovery
underrepresented on school and
Colorado, New Mexico and Texas.
total enrollment of the Southwest
must be validated, certified by
district professional staffs and on
As the largest minority group in
is Mexican American.
empirical evidence. Thus, many
boards of education. In other
And in Selma alone, there are
the schools of the Southwest,
unaware students seem to almost
only eight Mexican American
words, a disproportionate ratio
Mexican Americans comprise
DARE La Raza Studies instrucexists between Chicano enrollover 17 per cent of the school enteachers out of a total of 200.
tors "to teach me something."
rollment in this five state region.
About 400, or three per cent,
ment at the schools and Mexican
Their attitude is one of a peculiar
of the principals in the SouthAmerican represP.ntation on proThe large bulk ofMexicanAmerblend of fear, curiosity, and dewest are Mexican American, with
fessional staffs and boards of
ican students, more than fourfiance; Hence, when they er:iter a
90 per cent of this total in schools
education. Lastly, most Mexican
fifths, attend school in the two
La Raza Studies class and no in(Continued on Page 4, Col. 3)
American staff and school board
states of California and Texas.
(C ontinued on Page 4, Col. 1)
de
us report on Chicanos:
Petitions for student body
president, administrative vicepresident, legislative vice-president, six at-large Student Senate
seats and four senate board seats
have been available since April
6.
Only three petitions have been
taken out. Two petitions were
given out for student body
president. Student Senator Kurt
Schmidt and Thomas Williams,
MORE CANDIDATES
At press time the Collegian
was informed by the Student Activities office that three more
ASB candidates have taken out
applications.
Senator Dave Davenport is running for legislative vice-president. while President pro tern of
the senate Lester Bennet and
Sipriano Martinez will be seeking
the post of administrative vicepresident.
currently senator from the Board
on Publications, are running for
president.
Chuck Noroian, currently senator from the Board on Athletics,
is running for reelection.
Joe Guagliardo, election committee chairman, has expressed
(Continued on Page 4, Col. 3)
students
are - segregated, fac _
ulty lacking
Students picket FCC in protest of
inacfion ·on lettuce boycott issue
FRESNO CITY COL ~EGE students picket the FCC Cafeteria during a recent rally. The picket was
prompted by the SCCC policy to ignore the request to remove all lettuce from the cafeteria.
•
Students carrying signs which
said •boycott lettuce" picketed in
front of the Fresno City College
cafeteria last week in protest of
the State Center Community College District Board's refusal to
take action concerning the complete elimination of iceberg lettuce in the school's food services.
Students attending the board
meeting last week said that the
board was supposed to take action
on the motion which was on the
agenda, They said that the board
completely ignored the item and
bypassed it during the meeting.
The students asked the board to
consider not buying lettuce for
the campus cafeteria.
Chicano students have been
boycotting the cafeteria since
last December. The students went
to the board in the fall and requested that the cafeteria buy
only union (United Farmworkers
Union) lettuce. The board said
they could not do this because they
could not specify a particular
brand or union label when purchasing food for the college.
Chicanos from CSUF also participated in the demonstration.
El Teatro from CSUF performed
a skit which dealt with the boycott and Safeway stores.
Jose Frausto, a member of
MECHA, said that the response
from the Chicanos has been good.
He also said that cafeteria sales
may have dropped because few
Chicanos eat in the cafeteria,
and it is usually empty at lunch.
Elections for the State Center .
Community College District
Board are coming up this spring,
and Frausto said that' the Chicanos are waiting to see if the
board makeup will change. After
the elections, the students will go
to the board again and make their
requests .
.
Institutionalized racism 1n
Fresno Welfare Department
I.A
2
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
Wednesday, April 10, 1973
Chicano artists must continue
La Raza expression
Since the violence of the late 1960's has disappeared, many Anglos
have gone to an attitude of benign neglect when it comes to Chicanos.
However, in the rural areas, the remnants of outright racism, prejudice and paranoia still remain. This has been very clear in political,
economic and educational issues, but, recently it seems that even
the. Chicano artist cannot work without the intrusions of the fear and
frustration of the Anglo.
Last year the Chicano muralist, Professor_Ernesto Palomino, had
to endure several months of harassment, red tape, bureaucrats,
and threats before finally receiving permission to paint (along with
Lee Orona) his mural in Madera, California. The example in Madera
inspired many young Chicanos throughout the valley, as was the case
in Woodlake, California.
Under the guidance and leadership of Manuel Jimenez, a group of
young people began a mural on the wall of an establishment in the
barrio in Woodlake. On the surface, an innocuous affair that would
normally go unnoticed - except for the facf that it was done hy
Chicanos. Soon after they began, sev~ral persons expressed their
•concern" over the "sign• and much pressure was put on Mr. Espinosa, the owner of the building, to stop the mural. Espinosa refused.
Thus began several weeks of city council meetings, tabled agendas,
referrals to ~he planning commission, witnesses, counter witnesses ,
petitions, debates, definitions and coufusion. Finally, in a meeting on
·April 2nd, the planning commission ruled that the "pir:ture" was not a
•sign" and was not prohihited under the present.zoning ordinanc£~s.
Several persons from Fresno -State University attended the April
2nd meeting in Woodlake. including Ernie Palomino and Tony lloque
from La Raza Studies·, Dr. Mike Opper from the Art Department, who,
like Professor Ara Dolarian before him, spoke in favor of the mural.
However, most of the credit for the victclfy must g-o to Jimenez,
·Espinosa and ine young people i11 Woodlake.
Nonethel-ess, perhaps .the most enduring significance or this incidence in Woodlake will be the mural itself, for it will he a constant
reminder of the budding artistic expression of La Raza throughout
Aztlan. It will be things like the mural in Woodlake that will endure
and-will prevail, for so kmg as our creative experience is exprPssed
then Chicanismo will live.
By Stan Santos
The welfare system as it is
being administered in · Fresno
County is a typical example of
institutionalized racism. This
radsm is the same that can he
found in othe·r institutions such as
education, health care services
and law enforcement.
The ca·m pesinos, the unwed ·
mothers, - the - unemployed, and
their . children are victims of the
deficien<:ies of this institution as
in other institutions. In looking
closely at these institutions we
may find an almost frightening
hand-in-hand relationship which
pe_rpetuatfJS that vicious cycle
that keeps our people in the despair of poverty.
In each of these institutions we
may find a similar mechanism
Which doe.s not allow for input
by the Chicano community. This
mP.chanism, in the form of racist
hiring practices, purposely refuses to employ Chicanos where
they are needed.
The few Chicanos who are employed are not utilized effectively
and are kept from reaching any
administrative position. The man
defends changes ti[ racism by
showing off his Spanish personnel. who rua11y times can be just as insensitive as thf! Anglo.
The methods used to exclude
us from these institutions which
· scrnw us over daily are very
very similar. The results of this
institutionalized racism .are also
very similar.
In education, there is no attempt on the part of the institution
to establish the same buddy--
Semana de
buddy relationship with the Spanish-speaking par.ents as with the
Anglo parents of the PTA. A close
relationship can never be reached
between a white, middle-class
administrator and a Spanishspeaking parent through an interpreter. The results of this are
tt,at the first time this Spanishspeaking parent hears from the
school is only after the suspension or expulsion of their child.
No preventative method is used
to keep the situation from reaching this extreme. The cold, impersonal relationship between the
institution and Spanish-speaking
parents makes them incapable of
defending themselves in incidents
such as this.
As for the institution of health
care, the first time many Chicanos see a doctor is after they
are already sick and in need
of emergency medical attention.
Once again, no attempt is made
to extend methods of preventative
medicine into the barrios and
labor camps. Nor is there any
attempt to inform us of prac_tices which might insure good
nutrition and
well-developed
hodies in later life.
As a result, sickness and diseases are not discovered until
after they reach the point of
damaging our bodies and causing
us pain.
In the Fresno County Welfare
Department, we have once again
discovered this same subtle
racism which is causing many of
us undue hardships. The department is perpetuating this system
of exclusion by _s everal methods.
-la Raza . plans
speakers, dancers, mariachis
GENIE-MATE!!
ARE YOU Tl RED OF SITTING HOME WAI Tl NG FOH A DA TE'.:>
CALL GENIE-MATE
. We offer a minimum of5compatil>ledatesfor only $15,
chosen from among many younq sinqles desirinq dates.
FOR INFORMATION:
266-9084
"College student" plans· that last·a
Because they are all lifetime plans. Plans that
are made to fit your exact life style.
And we don't have one ready for you ... yet.
Not until we know more about you -your
individual needs, hopes and your individµal
plans for the future.
There's a difference in life insurance companies.
NML is one that gives individual attention to
each client . . . for a lifetime.
CSU F
Campus Rep.
Bill Parker
t
r":}"
~
NML
LIit l)l',1(,'',
fOR l"l,;Dl\'IDL .\I',
NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE• MILWAUKEE -
P.O. Box 2168
Fresno
Phone 486-0820
BY Nora Alvarado
semana de la Raza released
yesterday the schedule of event-?
planned for the annual Cinco de
Mayo ce.lehratiou. "The comite
has put a lot of effort into making this the hest Semana we ever
had," said Semana chairman Cres
.Hernandez.
Every day of the week is being
devott>rl to some aspect of the
Chicano movement, The festivities start on Monday. April 30
witl1 La Dia de la Cultura. Cou~cilman Al Villa will lllake the
proclamation with ASB President
L 11pe De La Cruz adding a few
opening remarks. The main
speaker for the day will he Julio
Caesar Cramajo. a former KGST
annom1cer and now host of the
Ahora program : Mariachis and
Los Danzantes de Aztlan will perform throughout the day.
Tue~day is La Dia Del Campesino which will he t1ighlig·hted with
Jose Rubio. director of the Selma
office of the United Farm WtH·kers, giving a speech. The CSUF
"Your Closes( Florist"
ftic
Condits
FLOWERS & GIFTS
Finc-st Corsages & Floral Make-up
Cedar & Shields Ph. 227-3564
Although at some times of the
year the percentage of Chicano
recipients may reac;h as much as
70 per cent, no attempt is made
to employ an equal percentage of
Chicano personnel. Also, perhaps
half of the Chicanos seeking assistance speak no English.
With no bilingual-bicultural
personnel available, and all applications in English, the Spanishspeaking in immediate need can
expect many more difficulties
than the Anglo in acquiring this
aid.
.
There is a lack of adequate
comm uni cation between the Spanish-speaking and the usu a 11 y
white, middle-class department
worker . No attempt 1s made to
explain the eligibility requirements and the rights and responsibilities of the recipient.
These factors result in a longer
waiting period, and perhaps denial for failure to provide in~orm a tion concerning eligibility.
Once again, through racist administrative practices. Spanishspeaking families are exposed to
extreme hardship. No defense
mechanism is provided by the
department' to assure that our
people understand this system
and how it works .
Hence. we are denied on erroneous grounds and are purposely kept ignorant of the ways
of regaining our rights. Erroneous denials and discontinuances
are what brought about the need
for a Chicano Welfare Rights
Committee. Through the Committee our people receive information concerning their rights
and benefits under welfare, assistance in filling out the forms,
and representation in the event ·
they are denied aid .
There is a strong need for such
advocacy in relation to this institution. and others which affect the lives of our people. Fulfilling this need should be recognized as the obligation of each
and every capable Chicano.
We should each see it as our
responsibility to help our people
when these racist institutions
fail to do so. If you would like
information concerning the functions of the Welfare Rights Committee you may call 237-1751
on Mondays, Wednesdays and
Fridays, or you may come toour
meetings held each Wednesday at
4 p,m.
Teatru will perfoi·m and the film
"Decision at Delano'· will be
shown.
Wednesday will be Dia Politico
(political da~·). Representatives
from l\,JAP A and La Raza Unida
will be speaking. Bert Corona,
founder of MAPA, will be the key
speaker for the day. The films
"Requiem 29'" and "Frozen Revolution" will be shown.
La Dia de la Educacion on
Thursday will provide high scho~l
area students with tours of the
various departn1ents and work·shops on higher education and caMECHA meeting
. reers. The films "Yo Soy JoaMEC HA will hold its weekly
quin'" and "Ya Basta., will be
meeting· tomorrow in Science 161.
shown and the special guest
MECHA President Tomas Hill
speaker will be Pedro Corona,
urges all Chicanos on campus
brother . of the ·convicted Juan
to attend.
Corona.
Friday will be La Dia de la
MECHA-FCC
Unidad with local campus proMECHA from CSUF and FCC
fessors giving lectures. This day
will display the unity Chicanos - are having a get.:.together April
28 at Kearney Park. There will
have on campus. Alex Saragoza
be food. drinks and bands
and Lea Ybarra will he the speakthroughout the day. The purpose
ers.
is
to get better communication
On the Cinco de 1\1ayo, there
going between the two organizawill he a celebration held at
tions.
0 'Neill Park. There will be food,
danzantes, 1\Iariachis and a socDelta Alpha Chi
cer game.
Delta Alpha Chi is planning a
"There are still more speakers
dance on April 27th . Profits from
and events being planned. There
the dance will go to serve the
are still more activities to be
-community and scholarships.
announced," said Hernandez.
FREE: all the dope )QJ'II
need for a Eu1q,e trip.
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
'Publishe d five days a w eek except
holidays a nd examination periods by
the Fresno State College Associa·
tion. Mail subscriptions $8 a semester, $15 a year. Editorial office,
Keats Campus Building ,· telephone
487-2486. Business and advertising
office, College Union 3 l 7, telephone
487-2266.
Opinions expressed in Collegian editorials, including feature-editorials
and commentaries by guest writers,
are not necessarily those of California State University, Fresno, or
the student body.
VOZ DE AZTLAN
Editor . . . . . . . . Catalino Jacques
Reporters . . . . . . . Nora Alvarado,
Al . Casares, Miguel Contreras,
Leo Gallegos, Tomas Hill,
Cynthia Lugo, Ron Orozco
Photographer . . . . . . . . Ed Zepeda
Wednesday. April 10. 1973
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
If
tT /~ WH'E,,.I 5 Hf
,,
~ov&~ Ht~ Hff P5
Fe~m,
-WHAT•~
THE Cttl<I\NA 11
t>~f Sit>£
TO
•I
THE OTH£,1 PtP1TO:
mbver,,e.NT?
_./
I
Pintos request correspondence from ~tudents
We , the Pinto Mexicano, desire
to communicate with our brothers
and sisters in the _colleges and
find out the new trend of thought
and action on the campus today.
This is an area where we lack
communication. We wish to invite
toda La Raza M.exicana who
would like to correspond and
exchange ideas and views with
los pintso ( convict) en la pintas.
We feel this is very important
that the Mexicano en el colegio
y el pinto unite their thoughts
and actions: and this can only be
done by direct communication. As
you know, we, the pinto are considered today one of the lowest in
our society; but what we are considered to be and what we really
are, are two different things entirely.
No one knows like the convict,
the struggles and obstacles we
face and go thr ough because of
this mark - EX-CONVICT!'. And
this attitude and classification is
one of the main causes why so
many of us continue to go back
to prison today. We aren't accepted and given a decent chance
to reenter society.
What the people in society are
telling us is uwe don't have trust
nor faith in you." Brother, if you
don't have trust and faith in me,
h0w can I ever have a sense of
responsibility and obligation toward you?? TRUST and FAITH
are not just words, but actions!!
And believe me, we need all the
help we can get from you; for
no one knows better than you,
the miserable state of our people,
which we are a part of and in the
same state of conditions in here.
If we can't turn to our Raza
and seek the help we need, who ·
else can we turn to and who will
give us this help if not you·? You
know that without communication
there can be no relationship between us; and if you don't know
us, how can you understand us?
The point here is. do you CARE
and do y0u WANT to know us?
If you do , this can only be transmitted by action! Our feeling for
one another doesn ·t help eittfer of
us if we don't express it and put
it into action!
Nowhere is carnalismo(brotherhood) needed more than within
the prisons. Our imprisoned sisters and brothers need you. Believe me, your imagination can't
conceive, nor measur~ the depths
of this need for you, and all the
good you can do, not counting the
Ii ves you may save by your care
·and concern (moral support and
action). You are that fuel we
need to inspire us and make our
sould come alive.
If you knew the actuality of
prison life , then you would know
where I'm coming from. The convict is a bundle of pure emotions.
These emotions are so powerful
and overwhelming that many of
us are suffocated because we
don't know how to use this en~rgy
and where to place and direct
these powerful feelings. These
emotions can be creative or destructive: hut the sorry thing
about it all, they are wasted and
more destructive than creative.
It's an unconscious self-destructive motivation that's behind all
this destruction; and this is due to
"the dehumanization of human
souls in prison."
withers away and dies if it's not
watered and attended. The soul
of the human being is no different than that seed of the flower.
I'll close this letter hoping
whoever you are and wht:>rever
you may he that you will keep it
in mind that there are many
sould behind these prison walls
slowly withering away and dying
there because no one seems to
care enough to attend to their
problems and humanistic needs
and help organize them and rehumanize the prison system. This
open letter doesn't only apply to
our "brown race,·• hut also to
all those brothers and sisters out
there. for them to open up their
hearts, reach in. and help pull
their sisters and brothers back
out into the free world.
If you are interested in corresponding for the purpose of
educationiil values which may
benefit your cause as well as our
own, or for any other purpose
you may desire to correspond,
please send a letter of introdudion to:
LA RAZA UNIDA
P.O. BOX 3GB
Chino, California 91710
P.S. It would be deeply appre'ciated if you would place this
letter on your bulletin hoard
where everyone can see and read
iL
GHACIAS!!
Si nee ram ente,
Pelo11 Valdez
De-La "Mateo"
ELEVEN
OPEN 24 HRS.
CEDAR-SHAW
califomia- state university,
-Fresno
john guare's
It's impossible to run it .all
down to you of this upsychological deterioration process of the
human body and mind. "Two of the
main causes of this dehumanization are the thought of never
knowing when we are going
home (indeterminate imprisonment), and this deep starvation
and deprivation of the very ingredients that make us human
beings - love, care, concern.
THIS INDEFINITE IMPRISONMENT AND LIVING IN UNCERTAINTY OF EVER GETTING OUT
AND THE LACK OF THESE
HUMAN INGREDIENTS. which
make the soul feel- and stay slive,
is where you art:- needed. I'm sure
many of you know how a flower
FRESNO COUN ·TY
Check it out! Opportunities
or recent graduates.
for present students
admission.
:
2.50 general
1.50 higb school
.50 csuf asb card
ACCOUNT CLERK $465 - 565
60 units, which must include 6 accounting units, may
qualify for full time employment on al I shifts.
RESEARCH ASSISTANT $638 - 775
Are you research oriented? County I ibrary needs
recent graduate for community research project.
Fluency in Spanish tremendous asset!
NOTE: This is a EEA position, male candidates must
be Vie'tnam era veterans. All appl icar:,ts must reside
OUTSIDE Fr:esno City limits but WITHIN Fresno
County, and · be unemployed or underemployed.
Contact: David Rodriquez, 488-3364 or pick up application at Fresno County Personnel Dept,, Room 102,
Courthouse, Fresno.
csuf arena theatre
april l J-14 8:15 j,a,
for res«vatioas: 481- 2216
3
4
THE DAlt:Y COLLEGIAN
Wednesday, April 10, 1973
New planned variations
project offers assistance
The Planned Variations Education Project is designed to
recruit, admit, retain and provide
grant aid to Planned Varlationts
residents ln the six neighborhood
council areas of theCityofFresno.
'
The Project will provide more
than financial aid to those who
cannot afford to go to college. It
will admit half of the students as
•special admit students" and will
take into consideration their special needs and attempt to meet
them. Additionally, the project
will also redirect human resources by encouraging qualified
students who otherwise would not
have attended college. It will provide the opportunity for not only
higher ·education that will lead to
graduate work, professional careers and greater personal gafn,
but will consider the individualin
relation to his community after
graduation.
A. ADMISSION: Selection and
admission for EOP Special Admit
Applicants will be based on the
student's potential for college
level work and motivation, rather
than on only academic achievement. Regular admit students are
those students who qualify academically but need the supportive
services offered and are unable
to attend college without financial assistance.
B. FINANCIAL AID: All students who are admitted under
this program will receive Planned
Variations Grants and University
Financial Aid. Eligibility for fi-
nancial assistance ts determined
on the basis of need.
C. SPECIAL GUIDANCE: Students w1i1 be helped in developing realistic goals for themselves
in terms · of their education and
careers. This assistance will
come through counseling, communlty involvement, and other
· related activities.
D. RETENTION: Students with
educational deficiencies and social disadvantages will be offered
a full range of services designed
· to minimize difficulties encountered. Services will include but
not be limited to: Academic and
personal advisement, housing information, job placement, health
referrals, tutorial assistance,
and financial aid information.
E. DEADLlNES: Deadlines for
submission of applications and
all other documents is APRIL 27,
1973. To obtain application forms
and additional information write
Mr. Leonel Alvarado in care
of Ertucational Opportunity Program, CSUF, Fresno, California
93710 or call (209) 487-1021.
- Also, if students have already
applied to other financial aid
programs, they should still apply
to this program. Students must
reside within the city of Fresno.
Students who live in the county
islands are not eligible to par,,.
ticipate in the program.
Priority for admission is new
incoming freshmen (first), junior
college transfers . (second) and
continuing University students
(third) . .
Civil rights report on Chicanos
(Continued from Page 1)
in California, New Mexico and
Texas.
About 480, or seven per cent,
of professionals employed in
school district offices of the
Southwest are Mexican American. Of this total, about 50 are
superintendents or associate or
assistant superintendents with
the majority of these positions in
New Mexico.
Approximately 470, or 10 per
cent, of school board membership in the survey area is Mexican American, with more than
two-thirds of these serving on
boards in Texas and New Mexico.
FINDINGS - SECOND REPORT
The basic conclusion resulting
from the findings published in
the second re-port, "The Unfinished Education," is that Chicanos Blacks and American Indians enrolled in the schools of
the Southwest do not derive educational benefits at a rate comparable to their Anglo peers. The
Commission's report summarizes:
•wtthout exception,· minority
students achieve at a lower rate
Elections
(Continued from Page 1)
concern over student lack of interest in the upcoming election.
"The whole thing is very disappointing. I can't believe that
wHh a million dollar organization no one wants to run it." .
Guagliardo said that the Student
Senate is now preparing a
$300,000 hudget for next year and
the Student Senate is responsible
La Raza
for it. "It's important," he said."Senate is one of the few places
sitivity, an awareness, a con(Continued from Page 1)
where new programs can be
stant magic occurs, they feel , sciousness, a dialogue with oneintroduced on campus," said
cheated - . they came to see a . self and the world - a new, painGuagliardo. "Students don't realful inner reality. It is, above all,
super-Chicano, super-lecturer,
ize it, but Student Senate does
a challenge to a person to make
super-rapper.
super-intellecaffect their lives."
a complete reevaluation of himtual, super-everything. If the inAccording to Guagliardo, the
self.
structor is not all of these, then
Hence, in making contact with . qualifications for elective office
"I thought so;" or "didn't I tell
at CSUF are an overall grade
the non-involved students, La
you, La Raza Studies classes are
point
average of 2.0 and the stuRaza Studies must overcome the .
no good." Of course, they never
dent mus t. have I;~en enrolled
image as an academically lenient
st;op to consider about the bad
the prl:'vious semester.
program 011 the one hand, and
instructors in the other departAll petitions must he returned
must demythologize the affects of
ments, but because of their own
.
to
the Sturte11t Activities office
La
Raza
Studies
classes.
Alon~:
feelings of insecurity. they must
in the New Administration Buildwith MECHA, Las Adelitas, La
apologize for La Raza Studies.
ing by 4 p.ni . Thursday. All canRaza Studies must work to relate
They want formulas, instand validirlates w_ill have a meeting Frithe importance of La Haza Studies
dation, sudden legitimacy. But
day at 2 p.111. in the College Union.
to the unaware student and toward
being a Chicano is not wearing
their understanding of thema button, it is a process, a senselves, to the prolllems _o f La
EUROPE - ISRAEL - AF RICA
Raza, and to the phenomena of the
NEW YORK-$85.00-,HlNE 5
Chicano Movement. Thus, La
Studl'nt flights all year round.
MUST BOOK SOON
Haza Studies must couple rheCONTACT :
Also Int'l Flights, ISIC Cards,
toric with rigorous study and
11687 San Vi<-<'nl<' Blvd. 11 4
h!ail Passes, Hostel Cards
Los Angeles. Cali(. 90049
knowledge on the one hand, and
DAVE HALPERN
TEL, (213) 826-St,t,9 .826-0955
Campus Travel Advisor
a realistic approach toward the
Student Services West, Inc.
sponsored by th<'
politically-passive
s t_u dent.
Phone 48 7-3651
Above all, La Raza Studies must
The above is not sponsored by the
CSUC or the FSC Association, Inc.
foster an envfronment where the
unaware student can understand
and appreciate the realities of
the Chicano experience that has
resulted in his oppression - and
DDF - May the next 212 be
his determination to maintain
as super as the first. Happy those qualities that have been his
Anniversary -- HVB
cross - and his'treasure.
Student defends
studies
want ads
.MIDNRE <ILY
FRIDAY 13th
NATIONAL GINERAL'S
AMOVIE LIKE
()£/
COLOR BY TECHNICOLOR•
JO.,tnbuled byCIN(IIATION INOUSTIIIH!
DOORS OPEN
11:35 P.M.
than Anglos. Their school holding
first graders continue on to college.
power is lower, their reading
achievement is poorer; their repAgain wide variations occur
etition of grades is more frefrom state to state, from a high
quent; their overageness is more
of 33 per cent in Arizona to a
prevalent; and they participate in · low of 14.6 per cent in Colorado.
extracurricular activities to a
Colorado also ranks at the bottom
lesser degree than their Anglo
for the rate in which Chicanos
counterparts."
graduating from high school enter
Some of the findings revealed
college with a low 22 per cent
in the last report indicate: 1. That
rate. California ranks highest
of every 100 Chicano youngsters
in the category with 44 per cent
entering first grade in the survey
of Chicano high school graduates
area, only 60 graduate from high
entering college. 3. Of every 100
school. Black students fare
Chicano youngsters enrolling in
slightly better with 67 of every
the first grade in schools on the
100 black first graders comsurvey area, about five complete
pleting high school. By comparicollege, compared to eight for
son, of every 100 Anglo young-, . Blacks, and 24 for Anglos.
sters entering the first grade,
4. Generally, the proportion of
86 graduate from high school.
Mexican American and Black stuState variations in school holddent~ reading below grade level
ing power for Chicanos range
at the fourth. eighth, and twelfth
from a high of 81 per cent gradgrades is twice as great as the
uating in Arizona to a low of 53
proportion • of Anglo students
per . cent in Texas. 2. College
reading below grade level at
entrance rates indicate an even
these same grades. In some ingreater distance between minorstances the percentage of minority group and Anglo students,
ity students with reading defiAbout half of all Anglo youngciencies climbs as high as 68 and
sters entering the first grade
70 per cent for twelfth grade
continu·e on to college. However,
Chicano and Black students, reonly one of every four Chicano
spectively.
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La Raza studies
By Juanita Saragoza
In our last installment on the
politically passi ,e student, we
explored ways of making contact
with non-involved students. The
responsibility of offering alternatives to the inactive Chicano
student must be shared among
various components of the Chicano campus community. A large
measure of this responsibility
lies with the La Raza Studies program.
However, there are two major
problems in the attempts of La
Raza Studies faculty reaching the
unaware Chicano student. First,
many Chicano students view La
Raza Studies based on inculcated
standards of the established
norms of higher education. Hence,
they expect La Raza Studies
courses, teachers. classes to
meet those norms -- not to challenge them or to question their
validity. Thus they expect a lot of
reading, homework, tests , quizzes. term papers, etc., all of
ASB ·eledion
applications
deadline necr
}-
LA
which have their place, but t ey
should also have a function ot fer
than perpetuating the system
"schooling" as opposed to education (another issue too lengthy to
discuss here). Because of stereotypes, hearsay, rumor fa 1 s e
impressions, La Raza' studies
courses have been labeled as
academically inferior, as being
"easy," as being subjective. as
being one-sided. etc, Thus, many
unaware students will rationalize
their ono-participation in La Raza
Studies classes with a number of
reasons such as •they don't count
for my major;" or "I don't have
the time." etc. In effect, La Raza
Studies are a waste of time. Manv
of these students have never take~
a course from La Raza Studies
but they "just know" that all L~
Raza classes are a "bunch of
rhetoric" and "bullshit."
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
Of course, La Raza studies has
always had an academic basis
California State University, Fresno
which was too often obscured by
other issues, thus many students
never took the classes seriously.
As a consequence, La Raza
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 11, 1973
Studies has had a difficult time
LXXVll/116
attracting students in general, but
politically unaware students in
particular. In a variety of wavs
however, the faculty has ~t ~
tempted to communicate the academic purpose of the program,
with steady, if slow, results. It
seems, finally, the politically
passive has discovered that there
is a history, a literature, a sociology, an art, in essence, a body
of knowledge, of value and validity
that comprises the study of La
Raza. Indeed such studies are in
a formative stage, but its "youth"
members are found in predomiMexican Americans in NewMex(Editor's No•2: The following is
ico make up a larger percentas a field of study indicates the
nantly Chicano schools or disa · United States Ci vii Rights
ignorance and neglect of the Anglo
tricts.
age - 38 per cent - than in any
Commission Report on Mexicanfor La Raza.
Pertinent demographic inforother state in the Southwest. Most
American Education and what it
mation is also revealed In the
It's funny, almost, to see and
Mexican American students are
means to the Chicano.)
to hear the surprise of many
first report. According to the
enrolled in schools of large urstudents that La Raza Studies
study, there are slightly over two
ban districts with enrollment of
FINDINGS - FIRST REPORT
instrµctors actually give lecThree gene r al conclusions
million Spanish surnamed stu10,000 or more.
tures, assign readings and give_ emerge from the first report dents, including Mexican AmeriAccording to commission cricans, Puerto.Ricans, Cuban/5 and
pop quizzes. Yet it is at this point
"Ethnic Isolation of Mexican
teria, two-thirds of all Mexican
that the second major problem
Americans in the Public Schools
other Latin Americans, in the · American students in the survey
of the Southwest." First, Mexican
public schools of the United
area attend ethnically balanced
arises in "making contact" with
American public school students
States, excluding Hawaii. This
the unaware student. It seems that
schools.
are "severely isolated by school
Except for custodians or teachaccounts for about five per cent
the uninvolved student not only
district and by schools within
of the total U.S. school populaer aides, Mexican Americans
expects La Raza Studies classes
individual districts." This means
tion.
comprise significantly less of
to live up to the standards of
that , according to the study, MexOf the two million-plus Spanish
school staffs than they do of enother classes, but to supercede
ican Americans experience a high
surnamed students in the u.s.,
rollment. About 12, 000, or four
them. In their search for validity
degree of segregation by school
1.4 million or 70 per cent are
per cent , of the teachers of the
as Chicanos, they must convince
building and school district.
enrolled in the five Southwestern
Southwest are Mexican Amerithemselves that their growing
Secondly, Chicanos are largely
can, while over 17 per cent of the
states of Arizona, California,
realization of self-discovery
underrepresented on school and
Colorado, New Mexico and Texas.
total enrollment of the Southwest
must be validated, certified by
district professional staffs and on
As the largest minority group in
is Mexican American.
empirical evidence. Thus, many
boards of education. In other
And in Selma alone, there are
the schools of the Southwest,
unaware students seem to almost
only eight Mexican American
words, a disproportionate ratio
Mexican Americans comprise
DARE La Raza Studies instrucexists between Chicano enrollover 17 per cent of the school enteachers out of a total of 200.
tors "to teach me something."
rollment in this five state region.
About 400, or three per cent,
ment at the schools and Mexican
Their attitude is one of a peculiar
of the principals in the SouthAmerican represP.ntation on proThe large bulk ofMexicanAmerblend of fear, curiosity, and dewest are Mexican American, with
fessional staffs and boards of
ican students, more than fourfiance; Hence, when they er:iter a
90 per cent of this total in schools
education. Lastly, most Mexican
fifths, attend school in the two
La Raza Studies class and no in(Continued on Page 4, Col. 3)
American staff and school board
states of California and Texas.
(C ontinued on Page 4, Col. 1)
de
us report on Chicanos:
Petitions for student body
president, administrative vicepresident, legislative vice-president, six at-large Student Senate
seats and four senate board seats
have been available since April
6.
Only three petitions have been
taken out. Two petitions were
given out for student body
president. Student Senator Kurt
Schmidt and Thomas Williams,
MORE CANDIDATES
At press time the Collegian
was informed by the Student Activities office that three more
ASB candidates have taken out
applications.
Senator Dave Davenport is running for legislative vice-president. while President pro tern of
the senate Lester Bennet and
Sipriano Martinez will be seeking
the post of administrative vicepresident.
currently senator from the Board
on Publications, are running for
president.
Chuck Noroian, currently senator from the Board on Athletics,
is running for reelection.
Joe Guagliardo, election committee chairman, has expressed
(Continued on Page 4, Col. 3)
students
are - segregated, fac _
ulty lacking
Students picket FCC in protest of
inacfion ·on lettuce boycott issue
FRESNO CITY COL ~EGE students picket the FCC Cafeteria during a recent rally. The picket was
prompted by the SCCC policy to ignore the request to remove all lettuce from the cafeteria.
•
Students carrying signs which
said •boycott lettuce" picketed in
front of the Fresno City College
cafeteria last week in protest of
the State Center Community College District Board's refusal to
take action concerning the complete elimination of iceberg lettuce in the school's food services.
Students attending the board
meeting last week said that the
board was supposed to take action
on the motion which was on the
agenda, They said that the board
completely ignored the item and
bypassed it during the meeting.
The students asked the board to
consider not buying lettuce for
the campus cafeteria.
Chicano students have been
boycotting the cafeteria since
last December. The students went
to the board in the fall and requested that the cafeteria buy
only union (United Farmworkers
Union) lettuce. The board said
they could not do this because they
could not specify a particular
brand or union label when purchasing food for the college.
Chicanos from CSUF also participated in the demonstration.
El Teatro from CSUF performed
a skit which dealt with the boycott and Safeway stores.
Jose Frausto, a member of
MECHA, said that the response
from the Chicanos has been good.
He also said that cafeteria sales
may have dropped because few
Chicanos eat in the cafeteria,
and it is usually empty at lunch.
Elections for the State Center .
Community College District
Board are coming up this spring,
and Frausto said that' the Chicanos are waiting to see if the
board makeup will change. After
the elections, the students will go
to the board again and make their
requests .
.
Institutionalized racism 1n
Fresno Welfare Department
I.A
2
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
Wednesday, April 10, 1973
Chicano artists must continue
La Raza expression
Since the violence of the late 1960's has disappeared, many Anglos
have gone to an attitude of benign neglect when it comes to Chicanos.
However, in the rural areas, the remnants of outright racism, prejudice and paranoia still remain. This has been very clear in political,
economic and educational issues, but, recently it seems that even
the. Chicano artist cannot work without the intrusions of the fear and
frustration of the Anglo.
Last year the Chicano muralist, Professor_Ernesto Palomino, had
to endure several months of harassment, red tape, bureaucrats,
and threats before finally receiving permission to paint (along with
Lee Orona) his mural in Madera, California. The example in Madera
inspired many young Chicanos throughout the valley, as was the case
in Woodlake, California.
Under the guidance and leadership of Manuel Jimenez, a group of
young people began a mural on the wall of an establishment in the
barrio in Woodlake. On the surface, an innocuous affair that would
normally go unnoticed - except for the facf that it was done hy
Chicanos. Soon after they began, sev~ral persons expressed their
•concern" over the "sign• and much pressure was put on Mr. Espinosa, the owner of the building, to stop the mural. Espinosa refused.
Thus began several weeks of city council meetings, tabled agendas,
referrals to ~he planning commission, witnesses, counter witnesses ,
petitions, debates, definitions and coufusion. Finally, in a meeting on
·April 2nd, the planning commission ruled that the "pir:ture" was not a
•sign" and was not prohihited under the present.zoning ordinanc£~s.
Several persons from Fresno -State University attended the April
2nd meeting in Woodlake. including Ernie Palomino and Tony lloque
from La Raza Studies·, Dr. Mike Opper from the Art Department, who,
like Professor Ara Dolarian before him, spoke in favor of the mural.
However, most of the credit for the victclfy must g-o to Jimenez,
·Espinosa and ine young people i11 Woodlake.
Nonethel-ess, perhaps .the most enduring significance or this incidence in Woodlake will be the mural itself, for it will he a constant
reminder of the budding artistic expression of La Raza throughout
Aztlan. It will be things like the mural in Woodlake that will endure
and-will prevail, for so kmg as our creative experience is exprPssed
then Chicanismo will live.
By Stan Santos
The welfare system as it is
being administered in · Fresno
County is a typical example of
institutionalized racism. This
radsm is the same that can he
found in othe·r institutions such as
education, health care services
and law enforcement.
The ca·m pesinos, the unwed ·
mothers, - the - unemployed, and
their . children are victims of the
deficien<:ies of this institution as
in other institutions. In looking
closely at these institutions we
may find an almost frightening
hand-in-hand relationship which
pe_rpetuatfJS that vicious cycle
that keeps our people in the despair of poverty.
In each of these institutions we
may find a similar mechanism
Which doe.s not allow for input
by the Chicano community. This
mP.chanism, in the form of racist
hiring practices, purposely refuses to employ Chicanos where
they are needed.
The few Chicanos who are employed are not utilized effectively
and are kept from reaching any
administrative position. The man
defends changes ti[ racism by
showing off his Spanish personnel. who rua11y times can be just as insensitive as thf! Anglo.
The methods used to exclude
us from these institutions which
· scrnw us over daily are very
very similar. The results of this
institutionalized racism .are also
very similar.
In education, there is no attempt on the part of the institution
to establish the same buddy--
Semana de
buddy relationship with the Spanish-speaking par.ents as with the
Anglo parents of the PTA. A close
relationship can never be reached
between a white, middle-class
administrator and a Spanishspeaking parent through an interpreter. The results of this are
tt,at the first time this Spanishspeaking parent hears from the
school is only after the suspension or expulsion of their child.
No preventative method is used
to keep the situation from reaching this extreme. The cold, impersonal relationship between the
institution and Spanish-speaking
parents makes them incapable of
defending themselves in incidents
such as this.
As for the institution of health
care, the first time many Chicanos see a doctor is after they
are already sick and in need
of emergency medical attention.
Once again, no attempt is made
to extend methods of preventative
medicine into the barrios and
labor camps. Nor is there any
attempt to inform us of prac_tices which might insure good
nutrition and
well-developed
hodies in later life.
As a result, sickness and diseases are not discovered until
after they reach the point of
damaging our bodies and causing
us pain.
In the Fresno County Welfare
Department, we have once again
discovered this same subtle
racism which is causing many of
us undue hardships. The department is perpetuating this system
of exclusion by _s everal methods.
-la Raza . plans
speakers, dancers, mariachis
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Because they are all lifetime plans. Plans that
are made to fit your exact life style.
And we don't have one ready for you ... yet.
Not until we know more about you -your
individual needs, hopes and your individµal
plans for the future.
There's a difference in life insurance companies.
NML is one that gives individual attention to
each client . . . for a lifetime.
CSU F
Campus Rep.
Bill Parker
t
r":}"
~
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LIit l)l',1(,'',
fOR l"l,;Dl\'IDL .\I',
NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE• MILWAUKEE -
P.O. Box 2168
Fresno
Phone 486-0820
BY Nora Alvarado
semana de la Raza released
yesterday the schedule of event-?
planned for the annual Cinco de
Mayo ce.lehratiou. "The comite
has put a lot of effort into making this the hest Semana we ever
had," said Semana chairman Cres
.Hernandez.
Every day of the week is being
devott>rl to some aspect of the
Chicano movement, The festivities start on Monday. April 30
witl1 La Dia de la Cultura. Cou~cilman Al Villa will lllake the
proclamation with ASB President
L 11pe De La Cruz adding a few
opening remarks. The main
speaker for the day will he Julio
Caesar Cramajo. a former KGST
annom1cer and now host of the
Ahora program : Mariachis and
Los Danzantes de Aztlan will perform throughout the day.
Tue~day is La Dia Del Campesino which will he t1ighlig·hted with
Jose Rubio. director of the Selma
office of the United Farm WtH·kers, giving a speech. The CSUF
"Your Closes( Florist"
ftic
Condits
FLOWERS & GIFTS
Finc-st Corsages & Floral Make-up
Cedar & Shields Ph. 227-3564
Although at some times of the
year the percentage of Chicano
recipients may reac;h as much as
70 per cent, no attempt is made
to employ an equal percentage of
Chicano personnel. Also, perhaps
half of the Chicanos seeking assistance speak no English.
With no bilingual-bicultural
personnel available, and all applications in English, the Spanishspeaking in immediate need can
expect many more difficulties
than the Anglo in acquiring this
aid.
.
There is a lack of adequate
comm uni cation between the Spanish-speaking and the usu a 11 y
white, middle-class department
worker . No attempt 1s made to
explain the eligibility requirements and the rights and responsibilities of the recipient.
These factors result in a longer
waiting period, and perhaps denial for failure to provide in~orm a tion concerning eligibility.
Once again, through racist administrative practices. Spanishspeaking families are exposed to
extreme hardship. No defense
mechanism is provided by the
department' to assure that our
people understand this system
and how it works .
Hence. we are denied on erroneous grounds and are purposely kept ignorant of the ways
of regaining our rights. Erroneous denials and discontinuances
are what brought about the need
for a Chicano Welfare Rights
Committee. Through the Committee our people receive information concerning their rights
and benefits under welfare, assistance in filling out the forms,
and representation in the event ·
they are denied aid .
There is a strong need for such
advocacy in relation to this institution. and others which affect the lives of our people. Fulfilling this need should be recognized as the obligation of each
and every capable Chicano.
We should each see it as our
responsibility to help our people
when these racist institutions
fail to do so. If you would like
information concerning the functions of the Welfare Rights Committee you may call 237-1751
on Mondays, Wednesdays and
Fridays, or you may come toour
meetings held each Wednesday at
4 p,m.
Teatru will perfoi·m and the film
"Decision at Delano'· will be
shown.
Wednesday will be Dia Politico
(political da~·). Representatives
from l\,JAP A and La Raza Unida
will be speaking. Bert Corona,
founder of MAPA, will be the key
speaker for the day. The films
"Requiem 29'" and "Frozen Revolution" will be shown.
La Dia de la Educacion on
Thursday will provide high scho~l
area students with tours of the
various departn1ents and work·shops on higher education and caMECHA meeting
. reers. The films "Yo Soy JoaMEC HA will hold its weekly
quin'" and "Ya Basta., will be
meeting· tomorrow in Science 161.
shown and the special guest
MECHA President Tomas Hill
speaker will be Pedro Corona,
urges all Chicanos on campus
brother . of the ·convicted Juan
to attend.
Corona.
Friday will be La Dia de la
MECHA-FCC
Unidad with local campus proMECHA from CSUF and FCC
fessors giving lectures. This day
will display the unity Chicanos - are having a get.:.together April
28 at Kearney Park. There will
have on campus. Alex Saragoza
be food. drinks and bands
and Lea Ybarra will he the speakthroughout the day. The purpose
ers.
is
to get better communication
On the Cinco de 1\1ayo, there
going between the two organizawill he a celebration held at
tions.
0 'Neill Park. There will be food,
danzantes, 1\Iariachis and a socDelta Alpha Chi
cer game.
Delta Alpha Chi is planning a
"There are still more speakers
dance on April 27th . Profits from
and events being planned. There
the dance will go to serve the
are still more activities to be
-community and scholarships.
announced," said Hernandez.
FREE: all the dope )QJ'II
need for a Eu1q,e trip.
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
'Publishe d five days a w eek except
holidays a nd examination periods by
the Fresno State College Associa·
tion. Mail subscriptions $8 a semester, $15 a year. Editorial office,
Keats Campus Building ,· telephone
487-2486. Business and advertising
office, College Union 3 l 7, telephone
487-2266.
Opinions expressed in Collegian editorials, including feature-editorials
and commentaries by guest writers,
are not necessarily those of California State University, Fresno, or
the student body.
VOZ DE AZTLAN
Editor . . . . . . . . Catalino Jacques
Reporters . . . . . . . Nora Alvarado,
Al . Casares, Miguel Contreras,
Leo Gallegos, Tomas Hill,
Cynthia Lugo, Ron Orozco
Photographer . . . . . . . . Ed Zepeda
Wednesday. April 10. 1973
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
If
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THE Cttl<I\NA 11
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I
Pintos request correspondence from ~tudents
We , the Pinto Mexicano, desire
to communicate with our brothers
and sisters in the _colleges and
find out the new trend of thought
and action on the campus today.
This is an area where we lack
communication. We wish to invite
toda La Raza M.exicana who
would like to correspond and
exchange ideas and views with
los pintso ( convict) en la pintas.
We feel this is very important
that the Mexicano en el colegio
y el pinto unite their thoughts
and actions: and this can only be
done by direct communication. As
you know, we, the pinto are considered today one of the lowest in
our society; but what we are considered to be and what we really
are, are two different things entirely.
No one knows like the convict,
the struggles and obstacles we
face and go thr ough because of
this mark - EX-CONVICT!'. And
this attitude and classification is
one of the main causes why so
many of us continue to go back
to prison today. We aren't accepted and given a decent chance
to reenter society.
What the people in society are
telling us is uwe don't have trust
nor faith in you." Brother, if you
don't have trust and faith in me,
h0w can I ever have a sense of
responsibility and obligation toward you?? TRUST and FAITH
are not just words, but actions!!
And believe me, we need all the
help we can get from you; for
no one knows better than you,
the miserable state of our people,
which we are a part of and in the
same state of conditions in here.
If we can't turn to our Raza
and seek the help we need, who ·
else can we turn to and who will
give us this help if not you·? You
know that without communication
there can be no relationship between us; and if you don't know
us, how can you understand us?
The point here is. do you CARE
and do y0u WANT to know us?
If you do , this can only be transmitted by action! Our feeling for
one another doesn ·t help eittfer of
us if we don't express it and put
it into action!
Nowhere is carnalismo(brotherhood) needed more than within
the prisons. Our imprisoned sisters and brothers need you. Believe me, your imagination can't
conceive, nor measur~ the depths
of this need for you, and all the
good you can do, not counting the
Ii ves you may save by your care
·and concern (moral support and
action). You are that fuel we
need to inspire us and make our
sould come alive.
If you knew the actuality of
prison life , then you would know
where I'm coming from. The convict is a bundle of pure emotions.
These emotions are so powerful
and overwhelming that many of
us are suffocated because we
don't know how to use this en~rgy
and where to place and direct
these powerful feelings. These
emotions can be creative or destructive: hut the sorry thing
about it all, they are wasted and
more destructive than creative.
It's an unconscious self-destructive motivation that's behind all
this destruction; and this is due to
"the dehumanization of human
souls in prison."
withers away and dies if it's not
watered and attended. The soul
of the human being is no different than that seed of the flower.
I'll close this letter hoping
whoever you are and wht:>rever
you may he that you will keep it
in mind that there are many
sould behind these prison walls
slowly withering away and dying
there because no one seems to
care enough to attend to their
problems and humanistic needs
and help organize them and rehumanize the prison system. This
open letter doesn't only apply to
our "brown race,·• hut also to
all those brothers and sisters out
there. for them to open up their
hearts, reach in. and help pull
their sisters and brothers back
out into the free world.
If you are interested in corresponding for the purpose of
educationiil values which may
benefit your cause as well as our
own, or for any other purpose
you may desire to correspond,
please send a letter of introdudion to:
LA RAZA UNIDA
P.O. BOX 3GB
Chino, California 91710
P.S. It would be deeply appre'ciated if you would place this
letter on your bulletin hoard
where everyone can see and read
iL
GHACIAS!!
Si nee ram ente,
Pelo11 Valdez
De-La "Mateo"
ELEVEN
OPEN 24 HRS.
CEDAR-SHAW
califomia- state university,
-Fresno
john guare's
It's impossible to run it .all
down to you of this upsychological deterioration process of the
human body and mind. "Two of the
main causes of this dehumanization are the thought of never
knowing when we are going
home (indeterminate imprisonment), and this deep starvation
and deprivation of the very ingredients that make us human
beings - love, care, concern.
THIS INDEFINITE IMPRISONMENT AND LIVING IN UNCERTAINTY OF EVER GETTING OUT
AND THE LACK OF THESE
HUMAN INGREDIENTS. which
make the soul feel- and stay slive,
is where you art:- needed. I'm sure
many of you know how a flower
FRESNO COUN ·TY
Check it out! Opportunities
or recent graduates.
for present students
admission.
:
2.50 general
1.50 higb school
.50 csuf asb card
ACCOUNT CLERK $465 - 565
60 units, which must include 6 accounting units, may
qualify for full time employment on al I shifts.
RESEARCH ASSISTANT $638 - 775
Are you research oriented? County I ibrary needs
recent graduate for community research project.
Fluency in Spanish tremendous asset!
NOTE: This is a EEA position, male candidates must
be Vie'tnam era veterans. All appl icar:,ts must reside
OUTSIDE Fr:esno City limits but WITHIN Fresno
County, and · be unemployed or underemployed.
Contact: David Rodriquez, 488-3364 or pick up application at Fresno County Personnel Dept,, Room 102,
Courthouse, Fresno.
csuf arena theatre
april l J-14 8:15 j,a,
for res«vatioas: 481- 2216
3
4
THE DAlt:Y COLLEGIAN
Wednesday, April 10, 1973
New planned variations
project offers assistance
The Planned Variations Education Project is designed to
recruit, admit, retain and provide
grant aid to Planned Varlationts
residents ln the six neighborhood
council areas of theCityofFresno.
'
The Project will provide more
than financial aid to those who
cannot afford to go to college. It
will admit half of the students as
•special admit students" and will
take into consideration their special needs and attempt to meet
them. Additionally, the project
will also redirect human resources by encouraging qualified
students who otherwise would not
have attended college. It will provide the opportunity for not only
higher ·education that will lead to
graduate work, professional careers and greater personal gafn,
but will consider the individualin
relation to his community after
graduation.
A. ADMISSION: Selection and
admission for EOP Special Admit
Applicants will be based on the
student's potential for college
level work and motivation, rather
than on only academic achievement. Regular admit students are
those students who qualify academically but need the supportive
services offered and are unable
to attend college without financial assistance.
B. FINANCIAL AID: All students who are admitted under
this program will receive Planned
Variations Grants and University
Financial Aid. Eligibility for fi-
nancial assistance ts determined
on the basis of need.
C. SPECIAL GUIDANCE: Students w1i1 be helped in developing realistic goals for themselves
in terms · of their education and
careers. This assistance will
come through counseling, communlty involvement, and other
· related activities.
D. RETENTION: Students with
educational deficiencies and social disadvantages will be offered
a full range of services designed
· to minimize difficulties encountered. Services will include but
not be limited to: Academic and
personal advisement, housing information, job placement, health
referrals, tutorial assistance,
and financial aid information.
E. DEADLlNES: Deadlines for
submission of applications and
all other documents is APRIL 27,
1973. To obtain application forms
and additional information write
Mr. Leonel Alvarado in care
of Ertucational Opportunity Program, CSUF, Fresno, California
93710 or call (209) 487-1021.
- Also, if students have already
applied to other financial aid
programs, they should still apply
to this program. Students must
reside within the city of Fresno.
Students who live in the county
islands are not eligible to par,,.
ticipate in the program.
Priority for admission is new
incoming freshmen (first), junior
college transfers . (second) and
continuing University students
(third) . .
Civil rights report on Chicanos
(Continued from Page 1)
in California, New Mexico and
Texas.
About 480, or seven per cent,
of professionals employed in
school district offices of the
Southwest are Mexican American. Of this total, about 50 are
superintendents or associate or
assistant superintendents with
the majority of these positions in
New Mexico.
Approximately 470, or 10 per
cent, of school board membership in the survey area is Mexican American, with more than
two-thirds of these serving on
boards in Texas and New Mexico.
FINDINGS - SECOND REPORT
The basic conclusion resulting
from the findings published in
the second re-port, "The Unfinished Education," is that Chicanos Blacks and American Indians enrolled in the schools of
the Southwest do not derive educational benefits at a rate comparable to their Anglo peers. The
Commission's report summarizes:
•wtthout exception,· minority
students achieve at a lower rate
Elections
(Continued from Page 1)
concern over student lack of interest in the upcoming election.
"The whole thing is very disappointing. I can't believe that
wHh a million dollar organization no one wants to run it." .
Guagliardo said that the Student
Senate is now preparing a
$300,000 hudget for next year and
the Student Senate is responsible
La Raza
for it. "It's important," he said."Senate is one of the few places
sitivity, an awareness, a con(Continued from Page 1)
where new programs can be
stant magic occurs, they feel , sciousness, a dialogue with oneintroduced on campus," said
cheated - . they came to see a . self and the world - a new, painGuagliardo. "Students don't realful inner reality. It is, above all,
super-Chicano, super-lecturer,
ize it, but Student Senate does
a challenge to a person to make
super-rapper.
super-intellecaffect their lives."
a complete reevaluation of himtual, super-everything. If the inAccording to Guagliardo, the
self.
structor is not all of these, then
Hence, in making contact with . qualifications for elective office
"I thought so;" or "didn't I tell
at CSUF are an overall grade
the non-involved students, La
you, La Raza Studies classes are
point
average of 2.0 and the stuRaza Studies must overcome the .
no good." Of course, they never
dent mus t. have I;~en enrolled
image as an academically lenient
st;op to consider about the bad
the prl:'vious semester.
program 011 the one hand, and
instructors in the other departAll petitions must he returned
must demythologize the affects of
ments, but because of their own
.
to
the Sturte11t Activities office
La
Raza
Studies
classes.
Alon~:
feelings of insecurity. they must
in the New Administration Buildwith MECHA, Las Adelitas, La
apologize for La Raza Studies.
ing by 4 p.ni . Thursday. All canRaza Studies must work to relate
They want formulas, instand validirlates w_ill have a meeting Frithe importance of La Haza Studies
dation, sudden legitimacy. But
day at 2 p.111. in the College Union.
to the unaware student and toward
being a Chicano is not wearing
their understanding of thema button, it is a process, a senselves, to the prolllems _o f La
EUROPE - ISRAEL - AF RICA
Raza, and to the phenomena of the
NEW YORK-$85.00-,HlNE 5
Chicano Movement. Thus, La
Studl'nt flights all year round.
MUST BOOK SOON
Haza Studies must couple rheCONTACT :
Also Int'l Flights, ISIC Cards,
toric with rigorous study and
11687 San Vi<-<'nl<' Blvd. 11 4
h!ail Passes, Hostel Cards
Los Angeles. Cali(. 90049
knowledge on the one hand, and
DAVE HALPERN
TEL, (213) 826-St,t,9 .826-0955
Campus Travel Advisor
a realistic approach toward the
Student Services West, Inc.
sponsored by th<'
politically-passive
s t_u dent.
Phone 48 7-3651
Above all, La Raza Studies must
The above is not sponsored by the
CSUC or the FSC Association, Inc.
foster an envfronment where the
unaware student can understand
and appreciate the realities of
the Chicano experience that has
resulted in his oppression - and
DDF - May the next 212 be
his determination to maintain
as super as the first. Happy those qualities that have been his
Anniversary -- HVB
cross - and his'treasure.
Student defends
studies
want ads
.MIDNRE <ILY
FRIDAY 13th
NATIONAL GINERAL'S
AMOVIE LIKE
()£/
COLOR BY TECHNICOLOR•
JO.,tnbuled byCIN(IIATION INOUSTIIIH!
DOORS OPEN
11:35 P.M.
than Anglos. Their school holding
first graders continue on to college.
power is lower, their reading
achievement is poorer; their repAgain wide variations occur
etition of grades is more frefrom state to state, from a high
quent; their overageness is more
of 33 per cent in Arizona to a
prevalent; and they participate in · low of 14.6 per cent in Colorado.
extracurricular activities to a
Colorado also ranks at the bottom
lesser degree than their Anglo
for the rate in which Chicanos
counterparts."
graduating from high school enter
Some of the findings revealed
college with a low 22 per cent
in the last report indicate: 1. That
rate. California ranks highest
of every 100 Chicano youngsters
in the category with 44 per cent
entering first grade in the survey
of Chicano high school graduates
area, only 60 graduate from high
entering college. 3. Of every 100
school. Black students fare
Chicano youngsters enrolling in
slightly better with 67 of every
the first grade in schools on the
100 black first graders comsurvey area, about five complete
pleting high school. By comparicollege, compared to eight for
son, of every 100 Anglo young-, . Blacks, and 24 for Anglos.
sters entering the first grade,
4. Generally, the proportion of
86 graduate from high school.
Mexican American and Black stuState variations in school holddent~ reading below grade level
ing power for Chicanos range
at the fourth. eighth, and twelfth
from a high of 81 per cent gradgrades is twice as great as the
uating in Arizona to a low of 53
proportion • of Anglo students
per . cent in Texas. 2. College
reading below grade level at
entrance rates indicate an even
these same grades. In some ingreater distance between minorstances the percentage of minority group and Anglo students,
ity students with reading defiAbout half of all Anglo youngciencies climbs as high as 68 and
sters entering the first grade
70 per cent for twelfth grade
continu·e on to college. However,
Chicano and Black students, reonly one of every four Chicano
spectively.
GY BATH
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443 WEST SHAW in Clovis
(between McDonal ds & Happy Steak)
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April 13-14-15
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Student defends
La Raza studies
By Juanita Saragoza
In our last installment on the
politically passi ,e student, we
explored ways of making contact
with non-involved students. The
responsibility of offering alternatives to the inactive Chicano
student must be shared among
various components of the Chicano campus community. A large
measure of this responsibility
lies with the La Raza Studies program.
However, there are two major
problems in the attempts of La
Raza Studies faculty reaching the
unaware Chicano student. First,
many Chicano students view La
Raza Studies based on inculcated
standards of the established
norms of higher education. Hence,
they expect La Raza Studies
courses, teachers. classes to
meet those norms -- not to challenge them or to question their
validity. Thus they expect a lot of
reading, homework, tests , quizzes. term papers, etc., all of
ASB ·eledion
applications
deadline necr
}-
LA
which have their place, but t ey
should also have a function ot fer
than perpetuating the system
"schooling" as opposed to education (another issue too lengthy to
discuss here). Because of stereotypes, hearsay, rumor fa 1 s e
impressions, La Raza' studies
courses have been labeled as
academically inferior, as being
"easy," as being subjective. as
being one-sided. etc, Thus, many
unaware students will rationalize
their ono-participation in La Raza
Studies classes with a number of
reasons such as •they don't count
for my major;" or "I don't have
the time." etc. In effect, La Raza
Studies are a waste of time. Manv
of these students have never take~
a course from La Raza Studies
but they "just know" that all L~
Raza classes are a "bunch of
rhetoric" and "bullshit."
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
Of course, La Raza studies has
always had an academic basis
California State University, Fresno
which was too often obscured by
other issues, thus many students
never took the classes seriously.
As a consequence, La Raza
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 11, 1973
Studies has had a difficult time
LXXVll/116
attracting students in general, but
politically unaware students in
particular. In a variety of wavs
however, the faculty has ~t ~
tempted to communicate the academic purpose of the program,
with steady, if slow, results. It
seems, finally, the politically
passive has discovered that there
is a history, a literature, a sociology, an art, in essence, a body
of knowledge, of value and validity
that comprises the study of La
Raza. Indeed such studies are in
a formative stage, but its "youth"
members are found in predomiMexican Americans in NewMex(Editor's No•2: The following is
ico make up a larger percentas a field of study indicates the
nantly Chicano schools or disa · United States Ci vii Rights
ignorance and neglect of the Anglo
tricts.
age - 38 per cent - than in any
Commission Report on Mexicanfor La Raza.
Pertinent demographic inforother state in the Southwest. Most
American Education and what it
mation is also revealed In the
It's funny, almost, to see and
Mexican American students are
means to the Chicano.)
to hear the surprise of many
first report. According to the
enrolled in schools of large urstudents that La Raza Studies
study, there are slightly over two
ban districts with enrollment of
FINDINGS - FIRST REPORT
instrµctors actually give lecThree gene r al conclusions
million Spanish surnamed stu10,000 or more.
tures, assign readings and give_ emerge from the first report dents, including Mexican AmeriAccording to commission cricans, Puerto.Ricans, Cuban/5 and
pop quizzes. Yet it is at this point
"Ethnic Isolation of Mexican
teria, two-thirds of all Mexican
that the second major problem
Americans in the Public Schools
other Latin Americans, in the · American students in the survey
of the Southwest." First, Mexican
public schools of the United
area attend ethnically balanced
arises in "making contact" with
American public school students
States, excluding Hawaii. This
the unaware student. It seems that
schools.
are "severely isolated by school
Except for custodians or teachaccounts for about five per cent
the uninvolved student not only
district and by schools within
of the total U.S. school populaer aides, Mexican Americans
expects La Raza Studies classes
individual districts." This means
tion.
comprise significantly less of
to live up to the standards of
that , according to the study, MexOf the two million-plus Spanish
school staffs than they do of enother classes, but to supercede
ican Americans experience a high
surnamed students in the u.s.,
rollment. About 12, 000, or four
them. In their search for validity
degree of segregation by school
1.4 million or 70 per cent are
per cent , of the teachers of the
as Chicanos, they must convince
building and school district.
enrolled in the five Southwestern
Southwest are Mexican Amerithemselves that their growing
Secondly, Chicanos are largely
can, while over 17 per cent of the
states of Arizona, California,
realization of self-discovery
underrepresented on school and
Colorado, New Mexico and Texas.
total enrollment of the Southwest
must be validated, certified by
district professional staffs and on
As the largest minority group in
is Mexican American.
empirical evidence. Thus, many
boards of education. In other
And in Selma alone, there are
the schools of the Southwest,
unaware students seem to almost
only eight Mexican American
words, a disproportionate ratio
Mexican Americans comprise
DARE La Raza Studies instrucexists between Chicano enrollover 17 per cent of the school enteachers out of a total of 200.
tors "to teach me something."
rollment in this five state region.
About 400, or three per cent,
ment at the schools and Mexican
Their attitude is one of a peculiar
of the principals in the SouthAmerican represP.ntation on proThe large bulk ofMexicanAmerblend of fear, curiosity, and dewest are Mexican American, with
fessional staffs and boards of
ican students, more than fourfiance; Hence, when they er:iter a
90 per cent of this total in schools
education. Lastly, most Mexican
fifths, attend school in the two
La Raza Studies class and no in(Continued on Page 4, Col. 3)
American staff and school board
states of California and Texas.
(C ontinued on Page 4, Col. 1)
de
us report on Chicanos:
Petitions for student body
president, administrative vicepresident, legislative vice-president, six at-large Student Senate
seats and four senate board seats
have been available since April
6.
Only three petitions have been
taken out. Two petitions were
given out for student body
president. Student Senator Kurt
Schmidt and Thomas Williams,
MORE CANDIDATES
At press time the Collegian
was informed by the Student Activities office that three more
ASB candidates have taken out
applications.
Senator Dave Davenport is running for legislative vice-president. while President pro tern of
the senate Lester Bennet and
Sipriano Martinez will be seeking
the post of administrative vicepresident.
currently senator from the Board
on Publications, are running for
president.
Chuck Noroian, currently senator from the Board on Athletics,
is running for reelection.
Joe Guagliardo, election committee chairman, has expressed
(Continued on Page 4, Col. 3)
students
are - segregated, fac _
ulty lacking
Students picket FCC in protest of
inacfion ·on lettuce boycott issue
FRESNO CITY COL ~EGE students picket the FCC Cafeteria during a recent rally. The picket was
prompted by the SCCC policy to ignore the request to remove all lettuce from the cafeteria.
•
Students carrying signs which
said •boycott lettuce" picketed in
front of the Fresno City College
cafeteria last week in protest of
the State Center Community College District Board's refusal to
take action concerning the complete elimination of iceberg lettuce in the school's food services.
Students attending the board
meeting last week said that the
board was supposed to take action
on the motion which was on the
agenda, They said that the board
completely ignored the item and
bypassed it during the meeting.
The students asked the board to
consider not buying lettuce for
the campus cafeteria.
Chicano students have been
boycotting the cafeteria since
last December. The students went
to the board in the fall and requested that the cafeteria buy
only union (United Farmworkers
Union) lettuce. The board said
they could not do this because they
could not specify a particular
brand or union label when purchasing food for the college.
Chicanos from CSUF also participated in the demonstration.
El Teatro from CSUF performed
a skit which dealt with the boycott and Safeway stores.
Jose Frausto, a member of
MECHA, said that the response
from the Chicanos has been good.
He also said that cafeteria sales
may have dropped because few
Chicanos eat in the cafeteria,
and it is usually empty at lunch.
Elections for the State Center .
Community College District
Board are coming up this spring,
and Frausto said that' the Chicanos are waiting to see if the
board makeup will change. After
the elections, the students will go
to the board again and make their
requests .
.
Institutionalized racism 1n
Fresno Welfare Department
I.A
2
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
Wednesday, April 10, 1973
Chicano artists must continue
La Raza expression
Since the violence of the late 1960's has disappeared, many Anglos
have gone to an attitude of benign neglect when it comes to Chicanos.
However, in the rural areas, the remnants of outright racism, prejudice and paranoia still remain. This has been very clear in political,
economic and educational issues, but, recently it seems that even
the. Chicano artist cannot work without the intrusions of the fear and
frustration of the Anglo.
Last year the Chicano muralist, Professor_Ernesto Palomino, had
to endure several months of harassment, red tape, bureaucrats,
and threats before finally receiving permission to paint (along with
Lee Orona) his mural in Madera, California. The example in Madera
inspired many young Chicanos throughout the valley, as was the case
in Woodlake, California.
Under the guidance and leadership of Manuel Jimenez, a group of
young people began a mural on the wall of an establishment in the
barrio in Woodlake. On the surface, an innocuous affair that would
normally go unnoticed - except for the facf that it was done hy
Chicanos. Soon after they began, sev~ral persons expressed their
•concern" over the "sign• and much pressure was put on Mr. Espinosa, the owner of the building, to stop the mural. Espinosa refused.
Thus began several weeks of city council meetings, tabled agendas,
referrals to ~he planning commission, witnesses, counter witnesses ,
petitions, debates, definitions and coufusion. Finally, in a meeting on
·April 2nd, the planning commission ruled that the "pir:ture" was not a
•sign" and was not prohihited under the present.zoning ordinanc£~s.
Several persons from Fresno -State University attended the April
2nd meeting in Woodlake. including Ernie Palomino and Tony lloque
from La Raza Studies·, Dr. Mike Opper from the Art Department, who,
like Professor Ara Dolarian before him, spoke in favor of the mural.
However, most of the credit for the victclfy must g-o to Jimenez,
·Espinosa and ine young people i11 Woodlake.
Nonethel-ess, perhaps .the most enduring significance or this incidence in Woodlake will be the mural itself, for it will he a constant
reminder of the budding artistic expression of La Raza throughout
Aztlan. It will be things like the mural in Woodlake that will endure
and-will prevail, for so kmg as our creative experience is exprPssed
then Chicanismo will live.
By Stan Santos
The welfare system as it is
being administered in · Fresno
County is a typical example of
institutionalized racism. This
radsm is the same that can he
found in othe·r institutions such as
education, health care services
and law enforcement.
The ca·m pesinos, the unwed ·
mothers, - the - unemployed, and
their . children are victims of the
deficien<:ies of this institution as
in other institutions. In looking
closely at these institutions we
may find an almost frightening
hand-in-hand relationship which
pe_rpetuatfJS that vicious cycle
that keeps our people in the despair of poverty.
In each of these institutions we
may find a similar mechanism
Which doe.s not allow for input
by the Chicano community. This
mP.chanism, in the form of racist
hiring practices, purposely refuses to employ Chicanos where
they are needed.
The few Chicanos who are employed are not utilized effectively
and are kept from reaching any
administrative position. The man
defends changes ti[ racism by
showing off his Spanish personnel. who rua11y times can be just as insensitive as thf! Anglo.
The methods used to exclude
us from these institutions which
· scrnw us over daily are very
very similar. The results of this
institutionalized racism .are also
very similar.
In education, there is no attempt on the part of the institution
to establish the same buddy--
Semana de
buddy relationship with the Spanish-speaking par.ents as with the
Anglo parents of the PTA. A close
relationship can never be reached
between a white, middle-class
administrator and a Spanishspeaking parent through an interpreter. The results of this are
tt,at the first time this Spanishspeaking parent hears from the
school is only after the suspension or expulsion of their child.
No preventative method is used
to keep the situation from reaching this extreme. The cold, impersonal relationship between the
institution and Spanish-speaking
parents makes them incapable of
defending themselves in incidents
such as this.
As for the institution of health
care, the first time many Chicanos see a doctor is after they
are already sick and in need
of emergency medical attention.
Once again, no attempt is made
to extend methods of preventative
medicine into the barrios and
labor camps. Nor is there any
attempt to inform us of prac_tices which might insure good
nutrition and
well-developed
hodies in later life.
As a result, sickness and diseases are not discovered until
after they reach the point of
damaging our bodies and causing
us pain.
In the Fresno County Welfare
Department, we have once again
discovered this same subtle
racism which is causing many of
us undue hardships. The department is perpetuating this system
of exclusion by _s everal methods.
-la Raza . plans
speakers, dancers, mariachis
GENIE-MATE!!
ARE YOU Tl RED OF SITTING HOME WAI Tl NG FOH A DA TE'.:>
CALL GENIE-MATE
. We offer a minimum of5compatil>ledatesfor only $15,
chosen from among many younq sinqles desirinq dates.
FOR INFORMATION:
266-9084
"College student" plans· that last·a
Because they are all lifetime plans. Plans that
are made to fit your exact life style.
And we don't have one ready for you ... yet.
Not until we know more about you -your
individual needs, hopes and your individµal
plans for the future.
There's a difference in life insurance companies.
NML is one that gives individual attention to
each client . . . for a lifetime.
CSU F
Campus Rep.
Bill Parker
t
r":}"
~
NML
LIit l)l',1(,'',
fOR l"l,;Dl\'IDL .\I',
NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE• MILWAUKEE -
P.O. Box 2168
Fresno
Phone 486-0820
BY Nora Alvarado
semana de la Raza released
yesterday the schedule of event-?
planned for the annual Cinco de
Mayo ce.lehratiou. "The comite
has put a lot of effort into making this the hest Semana we ever
had," said Semana chairman Cres
.Hernandez.
Every day of the week is being
devott>rl to some aspect of the
Chicano movement, The festivities start on Monday. April 30
witl1 La Dia de la Cultura. Cou~cilman Al Villa will lllake the
proclamation with ASB President
L 11pe De La Cruz adding a few
opening remarks. The main
speaker for the day will he Julio
Caesar Cramajo. a former KGST
annom1cer and now host of the
Ahora program : Mariachis and
Los Danzantes de Aztlan will perform throughout the day.
Tue~day is La Dia Del Campesino which will he t1ighlig·hted with
Jose Rubio. director of the Selma
office of the United Farm WtH·kers, giving a speech. The CSUF
"Your Closes( Florist"
ftic
Condits
FLOWERS & GIFTS
Finc-st Corsages & Floral Make-up
Cedar & Shields Ph. 227-3564
Although at some times of the
year the percentage of Chicano
recipients may reac;h as much as
70 per cent, no attempt is made
to employ an equal percentage of
Chicano personnel. Also, perhaps
half of the Chicanos seeking assistance speak no English.
With no bilingual-bicultural
personnel available, and all applications in English, the Spanishspeaking in immediate need can
expect many more difficulties
than the Anglo in acquiring this
aid.
.
There is a lack of adequate
comm uni cation between the Spanish-speaking and the usu a 11 y
white, middle-class department
worker . No attempt 1s made to
explain the eligibility requirements and the rights and responsibilities of the recipient.
These factors result in a longer
waiting period, and perhaps denial for failure to provide in~orm a tion concerning eligibility.
Once again, through racist administrative practices. Spanishspeaking families are exposed to
extreme hardship. No defense
mechanism is provided by the
department' to assure that our
people understand this system
and how it works .
Hence. we are denied on erroneous grounds and are purposely kept ignorant of the ways
of regaining our rights. Erroneous denials and discontinuances
are what brought about the need
for a Chicano Welfare Rights
Committee. Through the Committee our people receive information concerning their rights
and benefits under welfare, assistance in filling out the forms,
and representation in the event ·
they are denied aid .
There is a strong need for such
advocacy in relation to this institution. and others which affect the lives of our people. Fulfilling this need should be recognized as the obligation of each
and every capable Chicano.
We should each see it as our
responsibility to help our people
when these racist institutions
fail to do so. If you would like
information concerning the functions of the Welfare Rights Committee you may call 237-1751
on Mondays, Wednesdays and
Fridays, or you may come toour
meetings held each Wednesday at
4 p,m.
Teatru will perfoi·m and the film
"Decision at Delano'· will be
shown.
Wednesday will be Dia Politico
(political da~·). Representatives
from l\,JAP A and La Raza Unida
will be speaking. Bert Corona,
founder of MAPA, will be the key
speaker for the day. The films
"Requiem 29'" and "Frozen Revolution" will be shown.
La Dia de la Educacion on
Thursday will provide high scho~l
area students with tours of the
various departn1ents and work·shops on higher education and caMECHA meeting
. reers. The films "Yo Soy JoaMEC HA will hold its weekly
quin'" and "Ya Basta., will be
meeting· tomorrow in Science 161.
shown and the special guest
MECHA President Tomas Hill
speaker will be Pedro Corona,
urges all Chicanos on campus
brother . of the ·convicted Juan
to attend.
Corona.
Friday will be La Dia de la
MECHA-FCC
Unidad with local campus proMECHA from CSUF and FCC
fessors giving lectures. This day
will display the unity Chicanos - are having a get.:.together April
28 at Kearney Park. There will
have on campus. Alex Saragoza
be food. drinks and bands
and Lea Ybarra will he the speakthroughout the day. The purpose
ers.
is
to get better communication
On the Cinco de 1\1ayo, there
going between the two organizawill he a celebration held at
tions.
0 'Neill Park. There will be food,
danzantes, 1\Iariachis and a socDelta Alpha Chi
cer game.
Delta Alpha Chi is planning a
"There are still more speakers
dance on April 27th . Profits from
and events being planned. There
the dance will go to serve the
are still more activities to be
-community and scholarships.
announced," said Hernandez.
FREE: all the dope )QJ'II
need for a Eu1q,e trip.
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
'Publishe d five days a w eek except
holidays a nd examination periods by
the Fresno State College Associa·
tion. Mail subscriptions $8 a semester, $15 a year. Editorial office,
Keats Campus Building ,· telephone
487-2486. Business and advertising
office, College Union 3 l 7, telephone
487-2266.
Opinions expressed in Collegian editorials, including feature-editorials
and commentaries by guest writers,
are not necessarily those of California State University, Fresno, or
the student body.
VOZ DE AZTLAN
Editor . . . . . . . . Catalino Jacques
Reporters . . . . . . . Nora Alvarado,
Al . Casares, Miguel Contreras,
Leo Gallegos, Tomas Hill,
Cynthia Lugo, Ron Orozco
Photographer . . . . . . . . Ed Zepeda
Wednesday. April 10. 1973
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
If
tT /~ WH'E,,.I 5 Hf
,,
~ov&~ Ht~ Hff P5
Fe~m,
-WHAT•~
THE Cttl<I\NA 11
t>~f Sit>£
TO
•I
THE OTH£,1 PtP1TO:
mbver,,e.NT?
_./
I
Pintos request correspondence from ~tudents
We , the Pinto Mexicano, desire
to communicate with our brothers
and sisters in the _colleges and
find out the new trend of thought
and action on the campus today.
This is an area where we lack
communication. We wish to invite
toda La Raza M.exicana who
would like to correspond and
exchange ideas and views with
los pintso ( convict) en la pintas.
We feel this is very important
that the Mexicano en el colegio
y el pinto unite their thoughts
and actions: and this can only be
done by direct communication. As
you know, we, the pinto are considered today one of the lowest in
our society; but what we are considered to be and what we really
are, are two different things entirely.
No one knows like the convict,
the struggles and obstacles we
face and go thr ough because of
this mark - EX-CONVICT!'. And
this attitude and classification is
one of the main causes why so
many of us continue to go back
to prison today. We aren't accepted and given a decent chance
to reenter society.
What the people in society are
telling us is uwe don't have trust
nor faith in you." Brother, if you
don't have trust and faith in me,
h0w can I ever have a sense of
responsibility and obligation toward you?? TRUST and FAITH
are not just words, but actions!!
And believe me, we need all the
help we can get from you; for
no one knows better than you,
the miserable state of our people,
which we are a part of and in the
same state of conditions in here.
If we can't turn to our Raza
and seek the help we need, who ·
else can we turn to and who will
give us this help if not you·? You
know that without communication
there can be no relationship between us; and if you don't know
us, how can you understand us?
The point here is. do you CARE
and do y0u WANT to know us?
If you do , this can only be transmitted by action! Our feeling for
one another doesn ·t help eittfer of
us if we don't express it and put
it into action!
Nowhere is carnalismo(brotherhood) needed more than within
the prisons. Our imprisoned sisters and brothers need you. Believe me, your imagination can't
conceive, nor measur~ the depths
of this need for you, and all the
good you can do, not counting the
Ii ves you may save by your care
·and concern (moral support and
action). You are that fuel we
need to inspire us and make our
sould come alive.
If you knew the actuality of
prison life , then you would know
where I'm coming from. The convict is a bundle of pure emotions.
These emotions are so powerful
and overwhelming that many of
us are suffocated because we
don't know how to use this en~rgy
and where to place and direct
these powerful feelings. These
emotions can be creative or destructive: hut the sorry thing
about it all, they are wasted and
more destructive than creative.
It's an unconscious self-destructive motivation that's behind all
this destruction; and this is due to
"the dehumanization of human
souls in prison."
withers away and dies if it's not
watered and attended. The soul
of the human being is no different than that seed of the flower.
I'll close this letter hoping
whoever you are and wht:>rever
you may he that you will keep it
in mind that there are many
sould behind these prison walls
slowly withering away and dying
there because no one seems to
care enough to attend to their
problems and humanistic needs
and help organize them and rehumanize the prison system. This
open letter doesn't only apply to
our "brown race,·• hut also to
all those brothers and sisters out
there. for them to open up their
hearts, reach in. and help pull
their sisters and brothers back
out into the free world.
If you are interested in corresponding for the purpose of
educationiil values which may
benefit your cause as well as our
own, or for any other purpose
you may desire to correspond,
please send a letter of introdudion to:
LA RAZA UNIDA
P.O. BOX 3GB
Chino, California 91710
P.S. It would be deeply appre'ciated if you would place this
letter on your bulletin hoard
where everyone can see and read
iL
GHACIAS!!
Si nee ram ente,
Pelo11 Valdez
De-La "Mateo"
ELEVEN
OPEN 24 HRS.
CEDAR-SHAW
califomia- state university,
-Fresno
john guare's
It's impossible to run it .all
down to you of this upsychological deterioration process of the
human body and mind. "Two of the
main causes of this dehumanization are the thought of never
knowing when we are going
home (indeterminate imprisonment), and this deep starvation
and deprivation of the very ingredients that make us human
beings - love, care, concern.
THIS INDEFINITE IMPRISONMENT AND LIVING IN UNCERTAINTY OF EVER GETTING OUT
AND THE LACK OF THESE
HUMAN INGREDIENTS. which
make the soul feel- and stay slive,
is where you art:- needed. I'm sure
many of you know how a flower
FRESNO COUN ·TY
Check it out! Opportunities
or recent graduates.
for present students
admission.
:
2.50 general
1.50 higb school
.50 csuf asb card
ACCOUNT CLERK $465 - 565
60 units, which must include 6 accounting units, may
qualify for full time employment on al I shifts.
RESEARCH ASSISTANT $638 - 775
Are you research oriented? County I ibrary needs
recent graduate for community research project.
Fluency in Spanish tremendous asset!
NOTE: This is a EEA position, male candidates must
be Vie'tnam era veterans. All appl icar:,ts must reside
OUTSIDE Fr:esno City limits but WITHIN Fresno
County, and · be unemployed or underemployed.
Contact: David Rodriquez, 488-3364 or pick up application at Fresno County Personnel Dept,, Room 102,
Courthouse, Fresno.
csuf arena theatre
april l J-14 8:15 j,a,
for res«vatioas: 481- 2216
3
4
THE DAlt:Y COLLEGIAN
Wednesday, April 10, 1973
New planned variations
project offers assistance
The Planned Variations Education Project is designed to
recruit, admit, retain and provide
grant aid to Planned Varlationts
residents ln the six neighborhood
council areas of theCityofFresno.
'
The Project will provide more
than financial aid to those who
cannot afford to go to college. It
will admit half of the students as
•special admit students" and will
take into consideration their special needs and attempt to meet
them. Additionally, the project
will also redirect human resources by encouraging qualified
students who otherwise would not
have attended college. It will provide the opportunity for not only
higher ·education that will lead to
graduate work, professional careers and greater personal gafn,
but will consider the individualin
relation to his community after
graduation.
A. ADMISSION: Selection and
admission for EOP Special Admit
Applicants will be based on the
student's potential for college
level work and motivation, rather
than on only academic achievement. Regular admit students are
those students who qualify academically but need the supportive
services offered and are unable
to attend college without financial assistance.
B. FINANCIAL AID: All students who are admitted under
this program will receive Planned
Variations Grants and University
Financial Aid. Eligibility for fi-
nancial assistance ts determined
on the basis of need.
C. SPECIAL GUIDANCE: Students w1i1 be helped in developing realistic goals for themselves
in terms · of their education and
careers. This assistance will
come through counseling, communlty involvement, and other
· related activities.
D. RETENTION: Students with
educational deficiencies and social disadvantages will be offered
a full range of services designed
· to minimize difficulties encountered. Services will include but
not be limited to: Academic and
personal advisement, housing information, job placement, health
referrals, tutorial assistance,
and financial aid information.
E. DEADLlNES: Deadlines for
submission of applications and
all other documents is APRIL 27,
1973. To obtain application forms
and additional information write
Mr. Leonel Alvarado in care
of Ertucational Opportunity Program, CSUF, Fresno, California
93710 or call (209) 487-1021.
- Also, if students have already
applied to other financial aid
programs, they should still apply
to this program. Students must
reside within the city of Fresno.
Students who live in the county
islands are not eligible to par,,.
ticipate in the program.
Priority for admission is new
incoming freshmen (first), junior
college transfers . (second) and
continuing University students
(third) . .
Civil rights report on Chicanos
(Continued from Page 1)
in California, New Mexico and
Texas.
About 480, or seven per cent,
of professionals employed in
school district offices of the
Southwest are Mexican American. Of this total, about 50 are
superintendents or associate or
assistant superintendents with
the majority of these positions in
New Mexico.
Approximately 470, or 10 per
cent, of school board membership in the survey area is Mexican American, with more than
two-thirds of these serving on
boards in Texas and New Mexico.
FINDINGS - SECOND REPORT
The basic conclusion resulting
from the findings published in
the second re-port, "The Unfinished Education," is that Chicanos Blacks and American Indians enrolled in the schools of
the Southwest do not derive educational benefits at a rate comparable to their Anglo peers. The
Commission's report summarizes:
•wtthout exception,· minority
students achieve at a lower rate
Elections
(Continued from Page 1)
concern over student lack of interest in the upcoming election.
"The whole thing is very disappointing. I can't believe that
wHh a million dollar organization no one wants to run it." .
Guagliardo said that the Student
Senate is now preparing a
$300,000 hudget for next year and
the Student Senate is responsible
La Raza
for it. "It's important," he said."Senate is one of the few places
sitivity, an awareness, a con(Continued from Page 1)
where new programs can be
stant magic occurs, they feel , sciousness, a dialogue with oneintroduced on campus," said
cheated - . they came to see a . self and the world - a new, painGuagliardo. "Students don't realful inner reality. It is, above all,
super-Chicano, super-lecturer,
ize it, but Student Senate does
a challenge to a person to make
super-rapper.
super-intellecaffect their lives."
a complete reevaluation of himtual, super-everything. If the inAccording to Guagliardo, the
self.
structor is not all of these, then
Hence, in making contact with . qualifications for elective office
"I thought so;" or "didn't I tell
at CSUF are an overall grade
the non-involved students, La
you, La Raza Studies classes are
point
average of 2.0 and the stuRaza Studies must overcome the .
no good." Of course, they never
dent mus t. have I;~en enrolled
image as an academically lenient
st;op to consider about the bad
the prl:'vious semester.
program 011 the one hand, and
instructors in the other departAll petitions must he returned
must demythologize the affects of
ments, but because of their own
.
to
the Sturte11t Activities office
La
Raza
Studies
classes.
Alon~:
feelings of insecurity. they must
in the New Administration Buildwith MECHA, Las Adelitas, La
apologize for La Raza Studies.
ing by 4 p.ni . Thursday. All canRaza Studies must work to relate
They want formulas, instand validirlates w_ill have a meeting Frithe importance of La Haza Studies
dation, sudden legitimacy. But
day at 2 p.111. in the College Union.
to the unaware student and toward
being a Chicano is not wearing
their understanding of thema button, it is a process, a senselves, to the prolllems _o f La
EUROPE - ISRAEL - AF RICA
Raza, and to the phenomena of the
NEW YORK-$85.00-,HlNE 5
Chicano Movement. Thus, La
Studl'nt flights all year round.
MUST BOOK SOON
Haza Studies must couple rheCONTACT :
Also Int'l Flights, ISIC Cards,
toric with rigorous study and
11687 San Vi<-<'nl<' Blvd. 11 4
h!ail Passes, Hostel Cards
Los Angeles. Cali(. 90049
knowledge on the one hand, and
DAVE HALPERN
TEL, (213) 826-St,t,9 .826-0955
Campus Travel Advisor
a realistic approach toward the
Student Services West, Inc.
sponsored by th<'
politically-passive
s t_u dent.
Phone 48 7-3651
Above all, La Raza Studies must
The above is not sponsored by the
CSUC or the FSC Association, Inc.
foster an envfronment where the
unaware student can understand
and appreciate the realities of
the Chicano experience that has
resulted in his oppression - and
DDF - May the next 212 be
his determination to maintain
as super as the first. Happy those qualities that have been his
Anniversary -- HVB
cross - and his'treasure.
Student defends
studies
want ads
.MIDNRE <ILY
FRIDAY 13th
NATIONAL GINERAL'S
AMOVIE LIKE
()£/
COLOR BY TECHNICOLOR•
JO.,tnbuled byCIN(IIATION INOUSTIIIH!
DOORS OPEN
11:35 P.M.
than Anglos. Their school holding
first graders continue on to college.
power is lower, their reading
achievement is poorer; their repAgain wide variations occur
etition of grades is more frefrom state to state, from a high
quent; their overageness is more
of 33 per cent in Arizona to a
prevalent; and they participate in · low of 14.6 per cent in Colorado.
extracurricular activities to a
Colorado also ranks at the bottom
lesser degree than their Anglo
for the rate in which Chicanos
counterparts."
graduating from high school enter
Some of the findings revealed
college with a low 22 per cent
in the last report indicate: 1. That
rate. California ranks highest
of every 100 Chicano youngsters
in the category with 44 per cent
entering first grade in the survey
of Chicano high school graduates
area, only 60 graduate from high
entering college. 3. Of every 100
school. Black students fare
Chicano youngsters enrolling in
slightly better with 67 of every
the first grade in schools on the
100 black first graders comsurvey area, about five complete
pleting high school. By comparicollege, compared to eight for
son, of every 100 Anglo young-, . Blacks, and 24 for Anglos.
sters entering the first grade,
4. Generally, the proportion of
86 graduate from high school.
Mexican American and Black stuState variations in school holddent~ reading below grade level
ing power for Chicanos range
at the fourth. eighth, and twelfth
from a high of 81 per cent gradgrades is twice as great as the
uating in Arizona to a low of 53
proportion • of Anglo students
per . cent in Texas. 2. College
reading below grade level at
entrance rates indicate an even
these same grades. In some ingreater distance between minorstances the percentage of minority group and Anglo students,
ity students with reading defiAbout half of all Anglo youngciencies climbs as high as 68 and
sters entering the first grade
70 per cent for twelfth grade
continu·e on to college. However,
Chicano and Black students, reonly one of every four Chicano
spectively.
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April 13-14-15
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La Raza studies
By Juanita Saragoza
In our last installment on the
politically passi ,e student, we
explored ways of making contact
with non-involved students. The
responsibility of offering alternatives to the inactive Chicano
student must be shared among
various components of the Chicano campus community. A large
measure of this responsibility
lies with the La Raza Studies program.
However, there are two major
problems in the attempts of La
Raza Studies faculty reaching the
unaware Chicano student. First,
many Chicano students view La
Raza Studies based on inculcated
standards of the established
norms of higher education. Hence,
they expect La Raza Studies
courses, teachers. classes to
meet those norms -- not to challenge them or to question their
validity. Thus they expect a lot of
reading, homework, tests , quizzes. term papers, etc., all of
ASB ·eledion
applications
deadline necr
}-
LA
which have their place, but t ey
should also have a function ot fer
than perpetuating the system
"schooling" as opposed to education (another issue too lengthy to
discuss here). Because of stereotypes, hearsay, rumor fa 1 s e
impressions, La Raza' studies
courses have been labeled as
academically inferior, as being
"easy," as being subjective. as
being one-sided. etc, Thus, many
unaware students will rationalize
their ono-participation in La Raza
Studies classes with a number of
reasons such as •they don't count
for my major;" or "I don't have
the time." etc. In effect, La Raza
Studies are a waste of time. Manv
of these students have never take~
a course from La Raza Studies
but they "just know" that all L~
Raza classes are a "bunch of
rhetoric" and "bullshit."
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
Of course, La Raza studies has
always had an academic basis
California State University, Fresno
which was too often obscured by
other issues, thus many students
never took the classes seriously.
As a consequence, La Raza
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 11, 1973
Studies has had a difficult time
LXXVll/116
attracting students in general, but
politically unaware students in
particular. In a variety of wavs
however, the faculty has ~t ~
tempted to communicate the academic purpose of the program,
with steady, if slow, results. It
seems, finally, the politically
passive has discovered that there
is a history, a literature, a sociology, an art, in essence, a body
of knowledge, of value and validity
that comprises the study of La
Raza. Indeed such studies are in
a formative stage, but its "youth"
members are found in predomiMexican Americans in NewMex(Editor's No•2: The following is
ico make up a larger percentas a field of study indicates the
nantly Chicano schools or disa · United States Ci vii Rights
ignorance and neglect of the Anglo
tricts.
age - 38 per cent - than in any
Commission Report on Mexicanfor La Raza.
Pertinent demographic inforother state in the Southwest. Most
American Education and what it
mation is also revealed In the
It's funny, almost, to see and
Mexican American students are
means to the Chicano.)
to hear the surprise of many
first report. According to the
enrolled in schools of large urstudents that La Raza Studies
study, there are slightly over two
ban districts with enrollment of
FINDINGS - FIRST REPORT
instrµctors actually give lecThree gene r al conclusions
million Spanish surnamed stu10,000 or more.
tures, assign readings and give_ emerge from the first report dents, including Mexican AmeriAccording to commission cricans, Puerto.Ricans, Cuban/5 and
pop quizzes. Yet it is at this point
"Ethnic Isolation of Mexican
teria, two-thirds of all Mexican
that the second major problem
Americans in the Public Schools
other Latin Americans, in the · American students in the survey
of the Southwest." First, Mexican
public schools of the United
area attend ethnically balanced
arises in "making contact" with
American public school students
States, excluding Hawaii. This
the unaware student. It seems that
schools.
are "severely isolated by school
Except for custodians or teachaccounts for about five per cent
the uninvolved student not only
district and by schools within
of the total U.S. school populaer aides, Mexican Americans
expects La Raza Studies classes
individual districts." This means
tion.
comprise significantly less of
to live up to the standards of
that , according to the study, MexOf the two million-plus Spanish
school staffs than they do of enother classes, but to supercede
ican Americans experience a high
surnamed students in the u.s.,
rollment. About 12, 000, or four
them. In their search for validity
degree of segregation by school
1.4 million or 70 per cent are
per cent , of the teachers of the
as Chicanos, they must convince
building and school district.
enrolled in the five Southwestern
Southwest are Mexican Amerithemselves that their growing
Secondly, Chicanos are largely
can, while over 17 per cent of the
states of Arizona, California,
realization of self-discovery
underrepresented on school and
Colorado, New Mexico and Texas.
total enrollment of the Southwest
must be validated, certified by
district professional staffs and on
As the largest minority group in
is Mexican American.
empirical evidence. Thus, many
boards of education. In other
And in Selma alone, there are
the schools of the Southwest,
unaware students seem to almost
only eight Mexican American
words, a disproportionate ratio
Mexican Americans comprise
DARE La Raza Studies instrucexists between Chicano enrollover 17 per cent of the school enteachers out of a total of 200.
tors "to teach me something."
rollment in this five state region.
About 400, or three per cent,
ment at the schools and Mexican
Their attitude is one of a peculiar
of the principals in the SouthAmerican represP.ntation on proThe large bulk ofMexicanAmerblend of fear, curiosity, and dewest are Mexican American, with
fessional staffs and boards of
ican students, more than fourfiance; Hence, when they er:iter a
90 per cent of this total in schools
education. Lastly, most Mexican
fifths, attend school in the two
La Raza Studies class and no in(Continued on Page 4, Col. 3)
American staff and school board
states of California and Texas.
(C ontinued on Page 4, Col. 1)
de
us report on Chicanos:
Petitions for student body
president, administrative vicepresident, legislative vice-president, six at-large Student Senate
seats and four senate board seats
have been available since April
6.
Only three petitions have been
taken out. Two petitions were
given out for student body
president. Student Senator Kurt
Schmidt and Thomas Williams,
MORE CANDIDATES
At press time the Collegian
was informed by the Student Activities office that three more
ASB candidates have taken out
applications.
Senator Dave Davenport is running for legislative vice-president. while President pro tern of
the senate Lester Bennet and
Sipriano Martinez will be seeking
the post of administrative vicepresident.
currently senator from the Board
on Publications, are running for
president.
Chuck Noroian, currently senator from the Board on Athletics,
is running for reelection.
Joe Guagliardo, election committee chairman, has expressed
(Continued on Page 4, Col. 3)
students
are - segregated, fac _
ulty lacking
Students picket FCC in protest of
inacfion ·on lettuce boycott issue
FRESNO CITY COL ~EGE students picket the FCC Cafeteria during a recent rally. The picket was
prompted by the SCCC policy to ignore the request to remove all lettuce from the cafeteria.
•
Students carrying signs which
said •boycott lettuce" picketed in
front of the Fresno City College
cafeteria last week in protest of
the State Center Community College District Board's refusal to
take action concerning the complete elimination of iceberg lettuce in the school's food services.
Students attending the board
meeting last week said that the
board was supposed to take action
on the motion which was on the
agenda, They said that the board
completely ignored the item and
bypassed it during the meeting.
The students asked the board to
consider not buying lettuce for
the campus cafeteria.
Chicano students have been
boycotting the cafeteria since
last December. The students went
to the board in the fall and requested that the cafeteria buy
only union (United Farmworkers
Union) lettuce. The board said
they could not do this because they
could not specify a particular
brand or union label when purchasing food for the college.
Chicanos from CSUF also participated in the demonstration.
El Teatro from CSUF performed
a skit which dealt with the boycott and Safeway stores.
Jose Frausto, a member of
MECHA, said that the response
from the Chicanos has been good.
He also said that cafeteria sales
may have dropped because few
Chicanos eat in the cafeteria,
and it is usually empty at lunch.
Elections for the State Center .
Community College District
Board are coming up this spring,
and Frausto said that' the Chicanos are waiting to see if the
board makeup will change. After
the elections, the students will go
to the board again and make their
requests .
.
Institutionalized racism 1n
Fresno Welfare Department
I.A
2
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
Wednesday, April 10, 1973
Chicano artists must continue
La Raza expression
Since the violence of the late 1960's has disappeared, many Anglos
have gone to an attitude of benign neglect when it comes to Chicanos.
However, in the rural areas, the remnants of outright racism, prejudice and paranoia still remain. This has been very clear in political,
economic and educational issues, but, recently it seems that even
the. Chicano artist cannot work without the intrusions of the fear and
frustration of the Anglo.
Last year the Chicano muralist, Professor_Ernesto Palomino, had
to endure several months of harassment, red tape, bureaucrats,
and threats before finally receiving permission to paint (along with
Lee Orona) his mural in Madera, California. The example in Madera
inspired many young Chicanos throughout the valley, as was the case
in Woodlake, California.
Under the guidance and leadership of Manuel Jimenez, a group of
young people began a mural on the wall of an establishment in the
barrio in Woodlake. On the surface, an innocuous affair that would
normally go unnoticed - except for the facf that it was done hy
Chicanos. Soon after they began, sev~ral persons expressed their
•concern" over the "sign• and much pressure was put on Mr. Espinosa, the owner of the building, to stop the mural. Espinosa refused.
Thus began several weeks of city council meetings, tabled agendas,
referrals to ~he planning commission, witnesses, counter witnesses ,
petitions, debates, definitions and coufusion. Finally, in a meeting on
·April 2nd, the planning commission ruled that the "pir:ture" was not a
•sign" and was not prohihited under the present.zoning ordinanc£~s.
Several persons from Fresno -State University attended the April
2nd meeting in Woodlake. including Ernie Palomino and Tony lloque
from La Raza Studies·, Dr. Mike Opper from the Art Department, who,
like Professor Ara Dolarian before him, spoke in favor of the mural.
However, most of the credit for the victclfy must g-o to Jimenez,
·Espinosa and ine young people i11 Woodlake.
Nonethel-ess, perhaps .the most enduring significance or this incidence in Woodlake will be the mural itself, for it will he a constant
reminder of the budding artistic expression of La Raza throughout
Aztlan. It will be things like the mural in Woodlake that will endure
and-will prevail, for so kmg as our creative experience is exprPssed
then Chicanismo will live.
By Stan Santos
The welfare system as it is
being administered in · Fresno
County is a typical example of
institutionalized racism. This
radsm is the same that can he
found in othe·r institutions such as
education, health care services
and law enforcement.
The ca·m pesinos, the unwed ·
mothers, - the - unemployed, and
their . children are victims of the
deficien<:ies of this institution as
in other institutions. In looking
closely at these institutions we
may find an almost frightening
hand-in-hand relationship which
pe_rpetuatfJS that vicious cycle
that keeps our people in the despair of poverty.
In each of these institutions we
may find a similar mechanism
Which doe.s not allow for input
by the Chicano community. This
mP.chanism, in the form of racist
hiring practices, purposely refuses to employ Chicanos where
they are needed.
The few Chicanos who are employed are not utilized effectively
and are kept from reaching any
administrative position. The man
defends changes ti[ racism by
showing off his Spanish personnel. who rua11y times can be just as insensitive as thf! Anglo.
The methods used to exclude
us from these institutions which
· scrnw us over daily are very
very similar. The results of this
institutionalized racism .are also
very similar.
In education, there is no attempt on the part of the institution
to establish the same buddy--
Semana de
buddy relationship with the Spanish-speaking par.ents as with the
Anglo parents of the PTA. A close
relationship can never be reached
between a white, middle-class
administrator and a Spanishspeaking parent through an interpreter. The results of this are
tt,at the first time this Spanishspeaking parent hears from the
school is only after the suspension or expulsion of their child.
No preventative method is used
to keep the situation from reaching this extreme. The cold, impersonal relationship between the
institution and Spanish-speaking
parents makes them incapable of
defending themselves in incidents
such as this.
As for the institution of health
care, the first time many Chicanos see a doctor is after they
are already sick and in need
of emergency medical attention.
Once again, no attempt is made
to extend methods of preventative
medicine into the barrios and
labor camps. Nor is there any
attempt to inform us of prac_tices which might insure good
nutrition and
well-developed
hodies in later life.
As a result, sickness and diseases are not discovered until
after they reach the point of
damaging our bodies and causing
us pain.
In the Fresno County Welfare
Department, we have once again
discovered this same subtle
racism which is causing many of
us undue hardships. The department is perpetuating this system
of exclusion by _s everal methods.
-la Raza . plans
speakers, dancers, mariachis
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And we don't have one ready for you ... yet.
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individual needs, hopes and your individµal
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There's a difference in life insurance companies.
NML is one that gives individual attention to
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Campus Rep.
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t
r":}"
~
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fOR l"l,;Dl\'IDL .\I',
NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE• MILWAUKEE -
P.O. Box 2168
Fresno
Phone 486-0820
BY Nora Alvarado
semana de la Raza released
yesterday the schedule of event-?
planned for the annual Cinco de
Mayo ce.lehratiou. "The comite
has put a lot of effort into making this the hest Semana we ever
had," said Semana chairman Cres
.Hernandez.
Every day of the week is being
devott>rl to some aspect of the
Chicano movement, The festivities start on Monday. April 30
witl1 La Dia de la Cultura. Cou~cilman Al Villa will lllake the
proclamation with ASB President
L 11pe De La Cruz adding a few
opening remarks. The main
speaker for the day will he Julio
Caesar Cramajo. a former KGST
annom1cer and now host of the
Ahora program : Mariachis and
Los Danzantes de Aztlan will perform throughout the day.
Tue~day is La Dia Del Campesino which will he t1ighlig·hted with
Jose Rubio. director of the Selma
office of the United Farm WtH·kers, giving a speech. The CSUF
"Your Closes( Florist"
ftic
Condits
FLOWERS & GIFTS
Finc-st Corsages & Floral Make-up
Cedar & Shields Ph. 227-3564
Although at some times of the
year the percentage of Chicano
recipients may reac;h as much as
70 per cent, no attempt is made
to employ an equal percentage of
Chicano personnel. Also, perhaps
half of the Chicanos seeking assistance speak no English.
With no bilingual-bicultural
personnel available, and all applications in English, the Spanishspeaking in immediate need can
expect many more difficulties
than the Anglo in acquiring this
aid.
.
There is a lack of adequate
comm uni cation between the Spanish-speaking and the usu a 11 y
white, middle-class department
worker . No attempt 1s made to
explain the eligibility requirements and the rights and responsibilities of the recipient.
These factors result in a longer
waiting period, and perhaps denial for failure to provide in~orm a tion concerning eligibility.
Once again, through racist administrative practices. Spanishspeaking families are exposed to
extreme hardship. No defense
mechanism is provided by the
department' to assure that our
people understand this system
and how it works .
Hence. we are denied on erroneous grounds and are purposely kept ignorant of the ways
of regaining our rights. Erroneous denials and discontinuances
are what brought about the need
for a Chicano Welfare Rights
Committee. Through the Committee our people receive information concerning their rights
and benefits under welfare, assistance in filling out the forms,
and representation in the event ·
they are denied aid .
There is a strong need for such
advocacy in relation to this institution. and others which affect the lives of our people. Fulfilling this need should be recognized as the obligation of each
and every capable Chicano.
We should each see it as our
responsibility to help our people
when these racist institutions
fail to do so. If you would like
information concerning the functions of the Welfare Rights Committee you may call 237-1751
on Mondays, Wednesdays and
Fridays, or you may come toour
meetings held each Wednesday at
4 p,m.
Teatru will perfoi·m and the film
"Decision at Delano'· will be
shown.
Wednesday will be Dia Politico
(political da~·). Representatives
from l\,JAP A and La Raza Unida
will be speaking. Bert Corona,
founder of MAPA, will be the key
speaker for the day. The films
"Requiem 29'" and "Frozen Revolution" will be shown.
La Dia de la Educacion on
Thursday will provide high scho~l
area students with tours of the
various departn1ents and work·shops on higher education and caMECHA meeting
. reers. The films "Yo Soy JoaMEC HA will hold its weekly
quin'" and "Ya Basta., will be
meeting· tomorrow in Science 161.
shown and the special guest
MECHA President Tomas Hill
speaker will be Pedro Corona,
urges all Chicanos on campus
brother . of the ·convicted Juan
to attend.
Corona.
Friday will be La Dia de la
MECHA-FCC
Unidad with local campus proMECHA from CSUF and FCC
fessors giving lectures. This day
will display the unity Chicanos - are having a get.:.together April
28 at Kearney Park. There will
have on campus. Alex Saragoza
be food. drinks and bands
and Lea Ybarra will he the speakthroughout the day. The purpose
ers.
is
to get better communication
On the Cinco de 1\1ayo, there
going between the two organizawill he a celebration held at
tions.
0 'Neill Park. There will be food,
danzantes, 1\Iariachis and a socDelta Alpha Chi
cer game.
Delta Alpha Chi is planning a
"There are still more speakers
dance on April 27th . Profits from
and events being planned. There
the dance will go to serve the
are still more activities to be
-community and scholarships.
announced," said Hernandez.
FREE: all the dope )QJ'II
need for a Eu1q,e trip.
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
'Publishe d five days a w eek except
holidays a nd examination periods by
the Fresno State College Associa·
tion. Mail subscriptions $8 a semester, $15 a year. Editorial office,
Keats Campus Building ,· telephone
487-2486. Business and advertising
office, College Union 3 l 7, telephone
487-2266.
Opinions expressed in Collegian editorials, including feature-editorials
and commentaries by guest writers,
are not necessarily those of California State University, Fresno, or
the student body.
VOZ DE AZTLAN
Editor . . . . . . . . Catalino Jacques
Reporters . . . . . . . Nora Alvarado,
Al . Casares, Miguel Contreras,
Leo Gallegos, Tomas Hill,
Cynthia Lugo, Ron Orozco
Photographer . . . . . . . . Ed Zepeda
Wednesday. April 10. 1973
THE DAILY COLLEGIAN
If
tT /~ WH'E,,.I 5 Hf
,,
~ov&~ Ht~ Hff P5
Fe~m,
-WHAT•~
THE Cttl<I\NA 11
t>~f Sit>£
TO
•I
THE OTH£,1 PtP1TO:
mbver,,e.NT?
_./
I
Pintos request correspondence from ~tudents
We , the Pinto Mexicano, desire
to communicate with our brothers
and sisters in the _colleges and
find out the new trend of thought
and action on the campus today.
This is an area where we lack
communication. We wish to invite
toda La Raza M.exicana who
would like to correspond and
exchange ideas and views with
los pintso ( convict) en la pintas.
We feel this is very important
that the Mexicano en el colegio
y el pinto unite their thoughts
and actions: and this can only be
done by direct communication. As
you know, we, the pinto are considered today one of the lowest in
our society; but what we are considered to be and what we really
are, are two different things entirely.
No one knows like the convict,
the struggles and obstacles we
face and go thr ough because of
this mark - EX-CONVICT!'. And
this attitude and classification is
one of the main causes why so
many of us continue to go back
to prison today. We aren't accepted and given a decent chance
to reenter society.
What the people in society are
telling us is uwe don't have trust
nor faith in you." Brother, if you
don't have trust and faith in me,
h0w can I ever have a sense of
responsibility and obligation toward you?? TRUST and FAITH
are not just words, but actions!!
And believe me, we need all the
help we can get from you; for
no one knows better than you,
the miserable state of our people,
which we are a part of and in the
same state of conditions in here.
If we can't turn to our Raza
and seek the help we need, who ·
else can we turn to and who will
give us this help if not you·? You
know that without communication
there can be no relationship between us; and if you don't know
us, how can you understand us?
The point here is. do you CARE
and do y0u WANT to know us?
If you do , this can only be transmitted by action! Our feeling for
one another doesn ·t help eittfer of
us if we don't express it and put
it into action!
Nowhere is carnalismo(brotherhood) needed more than within
the prisons. Our imprisoned sisters and brothers need you. Believe me, your imagination can't
conceive, nor measur~ the depths
of this need for you, and all the
good you can do, not counting the
Ii ves you may save by your care
·and concern (moral support and
action). You are that fuel we
need to inspire us and make our
sould come alive.
If you knew the actuality of
prison life , then you would know
where I'm coming from. The convict is a bundle of pure emotions.
These emotions are so powerful
and overwhelming that many of
us are suffocated because we
don't know how to use this en~rgy
and where to place and direct
these powerful feelings. These
emotions can be creative or destructive: hut the sorry thing
about it all, they are wasted and
more destructive than creative.
It's an unconscious self-destructive motivation that's behind all
this destruction; and this is due to
"the dehumanization of human
souls in prison."
withers away and dies if it's not
watered and attended. The soul
of the human being is no different than that seed of the flower.
I'll close this letter hoping
whoever you are and wht:>rever
you may he that you will keep it
in mind that there are many
sould behind these prison walls
slowly withering away and dying
there because no one seems to
care enough to attend to their
problems and humanistic needs
and help organize them and rehumanize the prison system. This
open letter doesn't only apply to
our "brown race,·• hut also to
all those brothers and sisters out
there. for them to open up their
hearts, reach in. and help pull
their sisters and brothers back
out into the free world.
If you are interested in corresponding for the purpose of
educationiil values which may
benefit your cause as well as our
own, or for any other purpose
you may desire to correspond,
please send a letter of introdudion to:
LA RAZA UNIDA
P.O. BOX 3GB
Chino, California 91710
P.S. It would be deeply appre'ciated if you would place this
letter on your bulletin hoard
where everyone can see and read
iL
GHACIAS!!
Si nee ram ente,
Pelo11 Valdez
De-La "Mateo"
ELEVEN
OPEN 24 HRS.
CEDAR-SHAW
califomia- state university,
-Fresno
john guare's
It's impossible to run it .all
down to you of this upsychological deterioration process of the
human body and mind. "Two of the
main causes of this dehumanization are the thought of never
knowing when we are going
home (indeterminate imprisonment), and this deep starvation
and deprivation of the very ingredients that make us human
beings - love, care, concern.
THIS INDEFINITE IMPRISONMENT AND LIVING IN UNCERTAINTY OF EVER GETTING OUT
AND THE LACK OF THESE
HUMAN INGREDIENTS. which
make the soul feel- and stay slive,
is where you art:- needed. I'm sure
many of you know how a flower
FRESNO COUN ·TY
Check it out! Opportunities
or recent graduates.
for present students
admission.
:
2.50 general
1.50 higb school
.50 csuf asb card
ACCOUNT CLERK $465 - 565
60 units, which must include 6 accounting units, may
qualify for full time employment on al I shifts.
RESEARCH ASSISTANT $638 - 775
Are you research oriented? County I ibrary needs
recent graduate for community research project.
Fluency in Spanish tremendous asset!
NOTE: This is a EEA position, male candidates must
be Vie'tnam era veterans. All appl icar:,ts must reside
OUTSIDE Fr:esno City limits but WITHIN Fresno
County, and · be unemployed or underemployed.
Contact: David Rodriquez, 488-3364 or pick up application at Fresno County Personnel Dept,, Room 102,
Courthouse, Fresno.
csuf arena theatre
april l J-14 8:15 j,a,
for res«vatioas: 481- 2216
3
4
THE DAlt:Y COLLEGIAN
Wednesday, April 10, 1973
New planned variations
project offers assistance
The Planned Variations Education Project is designed to
recruit, admit, retain and provide
grant aid to Planned Varlationts
residents ln the six neighborhood
council areas of theCityofFresno.
'
The Project will provide more
than financial aid to those who
cannot afford to go to college. It
will admit half of the students as
•special admit students" and will
take into consideration their special needs and attempt to meet
them. Additionally, the project
will also redirect human resources by encouraging qualified
students who otherwise would not
have attended college. It will provide the opportunity for not only
higher ·education that will lead to
graduate work, professional careers and greater personal gafn,
but will consider the individualin
relation to his community after
graduation.
A. ADMISSION: Selection and
admission for EOP Special Admit
Applicants will be based on the
student's potential for college
level work and motivation, rather
than on only academic achievement. Regular admit students are
those students who qualify academically but need the supportive
services offered and are unable
to attend college without financial assistance.
B. FINANCIAL AID: All students who are admitted under
this program will receive Planned
Variations Grants and University
Financial Aid. Eligibility for fi-
nancial assistance ts determined
on the basis of need.
C. SPECIAL GUIDANCE: Students w1i1 be helped in developing realistic goals for themselves
in terms · of their education and
careers. This assistance will
come through counseling, communlty involvement, and other
· related activities.
D. RETENTION: Students with
educational deficiencies and social disadvantages will be offered
a full range of services designed
· to minimize difficulties encountered. Services will include but
not be limited to: Academic and
personal advisement, housing information, job placement, health
referrals, tutorial assistance,
and financial aid information.
E. DEADLlNES: Deadlines for
submission of applications and
all other documents is APRIL 27,
1973. To obtain application forms
and additional information write
Mr. Leonel Alvarado in care
of Ertucational Opportunity Program, CSUF, Fresno, California
93710 or call (209) 487-1021.
- Also, if students have already
applied to other financial aid
programs, they should still apply
to this program. Students must
reside within the city of Fresno.
Students who live in the county
islands are not eligible to par,,.
ticipate in the program.
Priority for admission is new
incoming freshmen (first), junior
college transfers . (second) and
continuing University students
(third) . .
Civil rights report on Chicanos
(Continued from Page 1)
in California, New Mexico and
Texas.
About 480, or seven per cent,
of professionals employed in
school district offices of the
Southwest are Mexican American. Of this total, about 50 are
superintendents or associate or
assistant superintendents with
the majority of these positions in
New Mexico.
Approximately 470, or 10 per
cent, of school board membership in the survey area is Mexican American, with more than
two-thirds of these serving on
boards in Texas and New Mexico.
FINDINGS - SECOND REPORT
The basic conclusion resulting
from the findings published in
the second re-port, "The Unfinished Education," is that Chicanos Blacks and American Indians enrolled in the schools of
the Southwest do not derive educational benefits at a rate comparable to their Anglo peers. The
Commission's report summarizes:
•wtthout exception,· minority
students achieve at a lower rate
Elections
(Continued from Page 1)
concern over student lack of interest in the upcoming election.
"The whole thing is very disappointing. I can't believe that
wHh a million dollar organization no one wants to run it." .
Guagliardo said that the Student
Senate is now preparing a
$300,000 hudget for next year and
the Student Senate is responsible
La Raza
for it. "It's important," he said."Senate is one of the few places
sitivity, an awareness, a con(Continued from Page 1)
where new programs can be
stant magic occurs, they feel , sciousness, a dialogue with oneintroduced on campus," said
cheated - . they came to see a . self and the world - a new, painGuagliardo. "Students don't realful inner reality. It is, above all,
super-Chicano, super-lecturer,
ize it, but Student Senate does
a challenge to a person to make
super-rapper.
super-intellecaffect their lives."
a complete reevaluation of himtual, super-everything. If the inAccording to Guagliardo, the
self.
structor is not all of these, then
Hence, in making contact with . qualifications for elective office
"I thought so;" or "didn't I tell
at CSUF are an overall grade
the non-involved students, La
you, La Raza Studies classes are
point
average of 2.0 and the stuRaza Studies must overcome the .
no good." Of course, they never
dent mus t. have I;~en enrolled
image as an academically lenient
st;op to consider about the bad
the prl:'vious semester.
program 011 the one hand, and
instructors in the other departAll petitions must he returned
must demythologize the affects of
ments, but because of their own
.
to
the Sturte11t Activities office
La
Raza
Studies
classes.
Alon~:
feelings of insecurity. they must
in the New Administration Buildwith MECHA, Las Adelitas, La
apologize for La Raza Studies.
ing by 4 p.ni . Thursday. All canRaza Studies must work to relate
They want formulas, instand validirlates w_ill have a meeting Frithe importance of La Haza Studies
dation, sudden legitimacy. But
day at 2 p.111. in the College Union.
to the unaware student and toward
being a Chicano is not wearing
their understanding of thema button, it is a process, a senselves, to the prolllems _o f La
EUROPE - ISRAEL - AF RICA
Raza, and to the phenomena of the
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knowledge on the one hand, and
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a realistic approach toward the
Student Services West, Inc.
sponsored by th<'
politically-passive
s t_u dent.
Phone 48 7-3651
Above all, La Raza Studies must
The above is not sponsored by the
CSUC or the FSC Association, Inc.
foster an envfronment where the
unaware student can understand
and appreciate the realities of
the Chicano experience that has
resulted in his oppression - and
DDF - May the next 212 be
his determination to maintain
as super as the first. Happy those qualities that have been his
Anniversary -- HVB
cross - and his'treasure.
Student defends
studies
want ads
.MIDNRE <ILY
FRIDAY 13th
NATIONAL GINERAL'S
AMOVIE LIKE
()£/
COLOR BY TECHNICOLOR•
JO.,tnbuled byCIN(IIATION INOUSTIIIH!
DOORS OPEN
11:35 P.M.
than Anglos. Their school holding
first graders continue on to college.
power is lower, their reading
achievement is poorer; their repAgain wide variations occur
etition of grades is more frefrom state to state, from a high
quent; their overageness is more
of 33 per cent in Arizona to a
prevalent; and they participate in · low of 14.6 per cent in Colorado.
extracurricular activities to a
Colorado also ranks at the bottom
lesser degree than their Anglo
for the rate in which Chicanos
counterparts."
graduating from high school enter
Some of the findings revealed
college with a low 22 per cent
in the last report indicate: 1. That
rate. California ranks highest
of every 100 Chicano youngsters
in the category with 44 per cent
entering first grade in the survey
of Chicano high school graduates
area, only 60 graduate from high
entering college. 3. Of every 100
school. Black students fare
Chicano youngsters enrolling in
slightly better with 67 of every
the first grade in schools on the
100 black first graders comsurvey area, about five complete
pleting high school. By comparicollege, compared to eight for
son, of every 100 Anglo young-, . Blacks, and 24 for Anglos.
sters entering the first grade,
4. Generally, the proportion of
86 graduate from high school.
Mexican American and Black stuState variations in school holddent~ reading below grade level
ing power for Chicanos range
at the fourth. eighth, and twelfth
from a high of 81 per cent gradgrades is twice as great as the
uating in Arizona to a low of 53
proportion • of Anglo students
per . cent in Texas. 2. College
reading below grade level at
entrance rates indicate an even
these same grades. In some ingreater distance between minorstances the percentage of minority group and Anglo students,
ity students with reading defiAbout half of all Anglo youngciencies climbs as high as 68 and
sters entering the first grade
70 per cent for twelfth grade
continu·e on to college. However,
Chicano and Black students, reonly one of every four Chicano
spectively.
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April 13-14-15
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