La Voz de Aztlan, November 17 1969
Item
Title
La Voz de Aztlan, November 17 1969
Creator
Associated Students of Fresno State
Relation
La Voz de Aztlan (Daily Collegian, California State University, Fresno)
Coverage
Fresno, California
Date
11/17/1969
Format
PDF
Identifier
SCUA_lvda_00005
extracted text
FRESNO STATE COLLEGE,
FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
Daily
Collegian
LXXV /44 .
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1969
Cholos, Psychological
No-Man's Land
Jack D. Forbes, University
of California, Davis
Throughout the Americas there
are from 50 and 70 million people who in the past have been
called all kinds of names, most
of them bad ones. They have
been called Mestizos, HalfBreeds, Half-Bloods, Metis, Ladinos, Coyotes, and just plain
"Breeds." All of these names
are either derogatory or are
general names which can be applied to any kind of person . of
, mixed race (for example, a Chinese-Filipino person is a "Mestizo" in the Philippines).
Only one Native American Indian-has ever been widely used
for Indian-White mixed-bloods
and that is "Cholo." Cholo
refers only to Indian-White mixed-bloods and not to other kinds
of mixtures. It is a unique, old
Indian word. It is still used
today from Mexico to Peru as
a synonym for Mestizo and also
to refer to an Indian who has
taken up European ways to some
degree. For example, an Indian
woman who becomes a merchant
and who begins wearing semi. white clothing comes to be thought
of as a Cholo. That is, her cul-ture or way of life has become
mixed and she is no longer completely accepted by traditional
Indian people.
So in the Americas today we
have two kinds of Cholos, those
who are physicall}' of mixed-race
and those who are all-Indian by
blood but of mixed culture. In
many ways these two kinds of
people are the same. since they
are •in-between" people. They
belong fully to neither the Indian Community or to tl)e nonIndian Community, and thatisthe
fate of the Cholo, to be pulled
back and forth by conflicting desires and to be pushed back and ·
forth by confiicting forces.
1
In the United States and Canada most true Cholos (those of
mixed race) have either moved
in with the White population, or,
if living on a reservation, have
tended to identify with white values and culture. Some Cholos
have managed to throw off any
split personality and have
become all-Indian in their
identity, especially in areas such
as California or Eastern Oklahoma where most members of
Indian tribes are o! mixed race.
But on many reservations Cholos
never cease to be "breeds• becuase the "Full-Bloods" will not
ac·cept them or because it is financially rewarding to_move in a
White directions.
Nowadays, many Cholos have
made a decision to be Indian
and they are trying their best
to work in the Indian liberation
st rug g 1 e . But many thousands
(perhaps millions) of Cholos of
predominantly White ancestry
continue to live in a "psychological no-man's land," being neither white nor Indian. No Cholo
can really be a white man, no
matter how small the degree of
Indian ancestry, because he
knows in his heart that he cannot erase the blood of his Indian ancestors shed by his white
anr,estors. He knows also that
the racism of Whites still condemns his Indian ancestry even
while occassionally being romantic about it.
How can these thousands or
millions of Cholos be given a
role in the Indian liberation
struggle? How can they be given
an opportunity to rediscover their
Indian heritage?
Many outstanding Indian leaders of the past were Cholos
(John Ross of the Cherokees
was only 1/8 Cherokee by blood).
Many outstanding freedom-fightIn Canada some Cholos belong
ers such as Henry Berry Lowto Indian tribes but the majority
rie of North Carolina and Tiare either unorganized or belong
burcio Vasquez of California
to the many local and regional
were Cholos. But at the same
"Metls" organizations.
time there were sell-out Cholos
In both the U.S. and Canada
such as McIntosh of the Creeks
those Cholos who do not belong
and LeFlore of the Choctaws.
to tribes represent an important
In the United States mos Chogroups for organizing purposes
los do not belong to any organexpecially from the Indian viewized groups , except for the Mexpoint. Having Indian blood as
ican-American people (a 11 of
they do, Cholos can be expected
whom are either Cholos or Into generally be more sympathetic
dians by race) and certain groups
to the needs of the Indian libwho belong to Indian tribes comeration struggle, oncer they are
posed entirely (or almost enmade aware of the facts. We
tirely) of mixed bloods (such as
all know that there are not enough
th~ Lumbees of North Carolina
tribal members in the U.S. (probor the Cherokees of Oklahoma).
ably less than 600,000 and this
Most Cholos are unorganized,
includes at least 300,000 Cholos
whether English-speaking, Spanwho are members of the tribes)
ish-speaking, or French-speakto build up any great degree of
ing.
political pressure. But with the
ans and Cholos sometimes seek
act! ve help of 5 to 1O million to divide up and sell the reserCholos, Indians can build up as
vation (as at Klamath Lake and
Colville.)
much pressure as the Black poWhen Cholos (and oll-reservapulation can muster.
tlon Indians) behave in an antiBut can Cholos be organized
and can Indians learn to work
Indian manner it ls usually due
with, and accept, Cholo collato ignorance or to poverty, both
boration? We should not deceive
results of colonialism. Cholos
ourselves about the past history
who are liberated from white
of Cholo-Indian rivalry and anmis-education and who undertagonism, fostered by white racstand the total Cholo-Indian inism and colonialist "divide and
terest in long-range economic
conquer "techniques. Also we
development will not be fooled
should not forget that in many
by Claims Case lawyers and
"Claims Cases" the off-reser- ' BIA term.inationists.
vation Indians and Cholos, anxEducation can only be accomious for per capita payments,
plished if an effort is made to
represent a threat to on-reserreach the Cholo-people and to
vation development. And ln some
organize them.
What is your
termination battles, the same
group doing to accomplish this
alliance or off-reservation lndigoal?
History
By Lehman L. Brightman
The American Indians are the
most deprived, uneducated, poverty stricken race In the United
States. And the shocking iJ)8-rt of
this statement is that there is no
healthy out-look for these social
Ills in the near future. The unemployment rates sometimes reach
as high as 75 per cent on some
reservations, with the median
famtly income under $1, 500,
coupled with sub-standard housing that is 90 per cent below
acceptable standards, and the average age of death at 42 years
compared to an average of 62 for
the general population.
The health problems are equally as bad, with gastroenteric
deaths five ti mes the national rate
tuberculosis death rates are five
times higher among Indians and
seven times higher among Alaska
natives; the infant death rate is
almost double that of the general
population; i~uenza and pneumonia are twice as high among
Indians and three times as high
among Alaska natives. There are
also some plseases that are almost unheard of in the general
society, but they are still prevalent among Indians, such as
•Trachoma," an eye disease that
still strikes many Indians and
causes blindness if it isn't caught
in time.(l)
These grim facts are deeply
disturbing and properly so, but
what can be done to break the cycle of poverty, ill health and lack
of education? This is a question
that only the Federal Government
can answer , and it's about time,
because contrary lo public opinion induced by authors such as
Zane Grey in his •vanishing
American." the Indians are growing in population (06 per cent
from l!l50 to H>60). or course this
growth in population is the only
department that the Indians are
leading, because they are at the
bottom of the totem pole in all
other departments ....
Indians are disabled IJy the lowest incomes, largest families,
lowest occupalional status, highest unemployment rates, and the
least adequate e·ducational training. And to top of! this pathetic
array of social ills, the discri m ination that
surrounds most
Indian communities and res;rvations effectively blocks off most
attempts at good jobs and adequate housing .(2)
As • forgotten Americans" who
have been most effectively debarred from benefits of justice and
democracy in their country, lndiians also are the victims of military conquest (which ended barely 50 years ago) and systematic
and repress! ve colonialization
(which continues to the present).
The American Indians are still
dependent upon the Bureau of
Indian Affairs on reservations
and in Indian communities for
matters large and small, plus the
broad authority of the Secretary
of Interior is still the supreme.
•The Great White Father in
Washington."
This harsh profile of poverty
and deprivation is hard to believe
in present day America, with all
the anti-poverty programs we
have to eliminate poverty, and
especially so in our •Great Society• as President Johnson has
so named this golden era.
(1) Howard A. Rush, • A Profile
of Poverty," San. Francisco Examinor and Chronicle (Dec. 11,
1966).
(2) Statement of Senator Robert
F. Kennedy as quoted in • American Indian Proposal for a PreVocational Training
Project.
Oakland, Oakland Arnericanlndian Assocaition, (1968), p.4 .
\
Red Shirl
An Indian Lollabye
the heritage that was the root
By Leonard Smith
Once upon a time in a narrow cause of the savagery. They atvillage called Fresno (a small tempted to force-feed you on a
segment of a vast utopia called diet of christian ethics and only
the United States of the Ameri- asked in return that you periodcans) a white man in a black suit ically don feathers and beads and
and very tide shoes walked into perform for them. For your land
the cultural hub of the village. they generously offered the opThls hub was enshrined the portunity to become a full-fledged
Greyhound Bus Termrnal, a symswimmer in the mainstream of
bolic reminder of sleek interwhite hawk life. A more than !air
village unity. He found an empty
exchange. . • . The white Hawk
seat near a red man with very
being superior philosophers and
untidy feet. The white man spoke,
very progressive individuals
"I chose to sit next to you because
soon· realized that history was
you . are a free running antelope.
always plotting against them. In
History books have taugtit me
order to redefine the past and
this; you are a part of the wild
control the future, they decided
animals who provided consistent
that all inhabitants of this land
danger to the ci vili zi~g processes
would have to be molderi into very
of the invading white hawks. But
similar patterns. Having fied rewhy are you still an antelope?
ligious persecution, they im medSurely the laws passed by the
iately set out to initiate a new
rulers of the white hawk crusades
system, and, although it resemhad but one goal: to make you as
bles very much the same persehuman as themselves. They even
cution that they fled from, it is
kidnapped your offspring at a tenmuch :n0re fatherly and benevoder age to save them from your
lent. U11less you Indians get off
wild animal influence and transyour asses, there is no place for
ported them to government
you in your lc'1d. After all, equalboarding schools to make the ity is sameness, and you fiave not
transition
more expitidious. yet become the same. Don't you
understand that the salvation of
They knew from divine providence that your culture was a your people lies in the valley of
primitive savage experience and Middle Class? Let us help you
it was their burden to save the · find the path to the real man. He
young and eventually exterminate is white, protestant, healthy, am-
bilious, earnest. a man whom the
lord smiles upon by increasing
the fruits of hislabor.Ifyoucan't
quite reach our image but have
really tried, our leaders will
compensate you with welfare and
this shall be fairly distributed in
proportion to your resemblance
to us.
"We have a system of government unmatched in the civilized
world. A two party system. The
Elephantians and theJackals. The
Elephantians are the personification of our puritan virtues. It is
our religion of progress and respectability. A cherished sect of
patriots who run on apple pie and
peanut butter. Horatio Algers who
can instatntly step into a phone
booth at the first hint of dissent
and emerge in red, white and blue
underwear and crush the wildeyed rebels. The Elephantians
are ultra-dedicated. Evidence
their ability to lose e1ect1011"
rather than depart from their
doctrines.
"The Jackals on the other hand
are the special interest party.
Creators of farm subsidies, oil
depletion allowances, tariffs and
large ineffectual development al- _
large, ineffectual development
projects. One of the greatest accomplishments of the Jackals is
their creation o! aclassofpeople
called "poor ," which they immediately institutionalized. This
made escape from this compartment almost impossible. And remember the leaders of both these
parties are well-versed inlndian
affairs as evidenced by their
willingness to hire Indian gardeners and their superb collections
of Hopi Kachina dons.
"With all of these virtues in our
system. we offer you an open invitation to join us to become us.
Why are yo'1 still dilly-dallying?
Remember ·white is might, and
might is right!
"To show that our government
is looking out for unfortunates
and socially deprived, I, myself,
have been appointed as a special
agent ot Indian affairs and arn
presently on my way to straighten out the affairs of a nearby reservation. As you see by my knowledge of Indian ways, no one more
qualified could have been appointed. I'm certain that somewhere
in my past one of my intrepid
pioneer fore fathers must have
been linked with a young Cherokee
princess, and therefore, I am
part antelope myself."
Thereby turning to his red
brother for response, he noticed
Running Antelope was in a dead
sleep.
EDITORIAL
In the past two weeks there has been considerable t lk b
a a out and
otest to the recent d eve I opments on campus. I'm sure
r
P
h
d · · t t'
you are also
are that t e a m1n1s ra ,on has refused to act o th·
.
aW
n 1s crucial
problem.
.
.
Many of you have the 1mpress1onthatthis is J·ust "anoth
.
.
,
er minority
problem". Well, I ve got _new_s for you; this is not a racial problem
or a problem of the minority student themselves, but a problem
relevant to every st.u?ent at F.S.C, This is one time you can't hide
behind that old fam ii 1ar excuse, "'It doesn't pertain td
h
.
I d?" Th
.
me, so w y
should I get invo ve .
ere 1s no escaping the fact that th
.
11
d
·
t·f·
ose
men
who were uneth ,ca Y an unJus , ,ably dismissed from their ad .
.
.
.
m1nistrative po~ t s, were n~t d 1sn:1ssed ,n accordance with •what the
general publ 1c and al umm want. I cannot stand by in idleness as two
men, who for so long acted on what was always beneficial to th
campus ~re casually "shoved" ~s.ide, We must continue to exp res:
our opinions and show the administration that we do not agree 'th
.. t rat·ive c hanges " , but most important of all, I agree WI
its •adm1n1s
with
those who have already stressed this point, we must not let this
problem die down.
I know many of you have been disturbed by the Chicano edition
of the Daily ~ollegian,_ b~\ it is our tool of information, our only
means of tel I rng how it Is. ~ead our I iterature, our poems, our
opinions and even look at the pictures, because through these channels we are telling it I ike it is, nothing more, nothing less.
-Guadalupe De Le Cruz
Ortega Will Seek lo Unseat Burns·
-FRESNO BEE, Monday
November 10, 1969
Jack Ortega, for the past three
yea_rs the lobbyist in Sacramento
for the Mexican-American Political Association, said yesterday
he will be a Democratic candidate next year for the State Sen'--3.te seat held now by Hugh M.
Burns of Fresno.
And Assemblyman George N.
zenovich has come as close as
he has yet to a statement that
he may seek re-election to his
present post, rather than try to
move over to the Senate in next
year's elections.
Zenovich, the chairman of the
Assembly Democratic Caucus,
said he still is thinking about the
possibility of running for the Senate if Burns decides to retire,
but he said he faces a" dilemma"
because of his leadership position in the lower house,
•1 would prefer, frankly, for
the next two years to stay in the
Assembly," said zenovich. •1
want the party to hold on to the
seats they have and try to pick
up a couple of more next year."
He said he would stay out of
any primary election fight involving Burns and Ortega. He has
said frequently that he would not
run for the Senate nomination
against Burns.
In announcing his decision to
run against Burns-it, indeed,
Burns does run-Orteta said:
•Burns isn't a Democrat. He
has stangled more social legislation in the Senate than Adolf Hitler. I think he's a racist. He has
'llone nothing for farm labor and
represents only the agricultural
special interests."
Unruh Support?
Ortega said he thinks Assembly
Minority Leader Jess Unruh, who
hopes to be the Democratic gubernatorial nominee next year,
may support him in a bid against
Burns.
_ He noted Unruh has pledged
himself to support minority candidates for legislative offices and
quoted Unruh as saying, "I '11 support anybody against Burns." An
Unruh aide, however, said Unruh
gave Ortega no specific pledge of
support.
The 39-year-old Ortega said
Wallace D. _Henderson, also an
ann~nced candidate for Burns'
job -wHI not support the grape
boycott. "He says he is neutral,"
s_a id Ortega.
Ortega, of course, is a solid
supporter of the boycott and could
be expected to make it a principal is[ue in a campaign.
Yesterday, in a brief speech
to the Democrat's "Project '70
Conference" in the Convention
Center, Ortega called upon members of his party to "stop supporting psuedo Democrats who
have prostituted our party." He
left no doubt he was referring
to Burns.
Halloween Is For
Children Everywhere
To an eight-year-old child, his
most important events occur during the most exciting days of his
young life.
One such - exciting day came
true on the evening of October 31
when the "real" Halloween atmosphere was seen by hundreds
of children on the westside of
Fresno. The ghostly action took
place at St. Alphonsus' Catholic
Church where the •Adelitas" or:..
ganization of Fresno State sponsored what might be considered
the "frightfullest" Halloween
party ever held.
The children, although some-
what stunned by all the happenings, managed to secure enough
candy and treats to extremely
fulfill their needs, while at the
same time playing games gun by
the wierdest-looking characters
in town.
The overall Halloween picture
was a tremendous success. All
the thanks go to the powerful
"Adelita" group who made one
extra effort to the not-so-luclcy
children of the westside; a contribution to humanity•
To be a child comes only once
in a lifetime; and to content his
feelings means the world. On
October 31st they were contented.
land Grab And Dispersal Foreter
Plans by the state and federal
governments to construct a series of dams in the mountain
valleys of Northern California
are threatening to flood many
of the area's Indians out of their
homes and drive them from what
little land has not already been
stolen from them by the white
man.
The first of these projects, for
which preparations have already
begun, will be located at Dos
Rios in Mendocino County and
if completed will totally inundate
the Round Valley Indian Reservation, forcing evacuation of the
~50 Native American residents.
This. however, is but the latest
in a series of injustices which
these people have had to suffer,
dating back to the 1850's when
the United States Army rounded
up 2,000 Indians from throughout the surrounding area and
herded them into the valley in
order to make room tor prospectors and settlers during the
famous California Gold Rush.
In 1858 part of the valley
was made into an Indian Res rvation by President Buchanan,
but this did not prevent white
squatters from settling there illegally. Congress then authorized the allocation of funds with
which to buy out these trespassers, and the settlers gladly accepted the money but still refused to leave.
They took advantage of a California law permitting whites to
indenture [ndians, and as a result many Native Americans lost
their lives. In 1861 the settlers
conjured up the "Mendocino Indian War" which even the
government recognized and condemned as nothing more than an
excuse to kill Indians, but nothing was done to stop it. Incidents like the ambush of a group
of Indians aod murder of 22 or
them by a band of whites in
August 1,862 became a common
occurrence.
In 1870 President Grant declared the entire valley and surrounding hills to be the Round
Valley Indian Reservation, and
the government made a couple
of half-hearted attempts to remove the settlers by force, but
nothing ever came of this. Then,
in 1873 Congress officially opened up the southern two-thirds
of the valley to settlement.
In 1887 the Dawes Act was
passed, permitting allocation of
reservation land to indi victual
Indian families and "surplus"
land to white settlement. This
constant encroachment on the
Indians' territory has resulted
in the reduction of tribal land
in Round Valley from over 102,
000 acres in the 1870's to 12,
000 acres today, plus about 7,
000 acres owned by individual
Indian families. And now the
government wants to flood the
Indians out of even that.
The dam was nrst proposed
for the purpose of flood control. However, it was pointed
out that only 17 percent or the
Eel River lies above the prop6sed site and that the main
source of the flood waters would
thus be unaffected. Proponents
of the project then decided that
its maJor purpose is to create
a recreation area and to provide water for Southern California.
Yet, according to 'or man
Whipple, president of the Round
Valley Indian Tribal Council whci
g ve an informal interview to
reporters, the channeling of
water from the lake in sufficiently large quantiti s to make it
worthwhile from th
point of
view of the people in Southern
California would probably ere te
vast mud flats around th entire
shore llne which would be very
ugly and make the area rather
unattractl ve a a recreation area.
Moreover, the area is one or the
best, places in the country for
deer an~ bear hunting and fishing for steelhead and salmon.
The Eel is one of the few untamed r i v e r s go i n g t h rough
wilderness and semi-wilderness
areas left in the country, and
with the dam all this would be
lost to sportsmen.
The government-concerned as
ever about the welfare of the Indians who will be displacedhas offered in its infinite magnanimity to relocate the town of
Covelo and give the TribalCouncil two acres of mountain land
for each acre of valley land lost.
However, as Mr. Whipple was
quick to point out, most of this
land had already been available
to the Indians, but they chose
to "'!s ettle in the valley because
the mountain land could not provide them with a livelihood.
The situation is perhaps best
summed up by the Tribal Council's own position paper which
says, "The U.S.Army brought
more than 20 tribal e:rouos to
Round Valley between 18S0-1875,
speaking different language'? and
sometimes Wstoric enemies. The
Indians didn't ask to come there,
but now, a century later, the
survivors otthose desperate early years have adjusted to a new
Indian community. Round Valley
is the only home they have known
and the last tiny piece of California left to the people who
once enjoyed plentiful lands. Its
flooding would disperse them forever."
Upcoming
Anthology
Esttmados carnales:
This letter is to inform you that
I am collecting materials for an
anthology of Chicano literature
to be pubUshed early in 1970 by
Harper and Row. Royalties will
be paid on everything published.
As co-editor, I am hoping to
put together an anthology with social, political and spiritual content. All types and forms of Uterature wi 11 be considered:
poems, short plays, essays, short
stories, speeches, cartoons, etc.
The stress is on corazon, on
truth, on Chicanos wrlting for
Chicanos. Materials are accepted in Spanish, English, Nahuatl,
or Calo.
Please send me whatever you
have to the following address:
Chicano Anthology
P.O. Box 2302
Fresno California 93720
Everything submitted will be considered in the true spirit ofCarnalismo.
Hasta la Victoria,
Luis Valdez
Director
El Teatro Campesino
POR LA RAZA TOTO C /S
FUERA DE LA RAZA NADA.
PENA'S .
Since 1938
Specializing~·
n
CAN PASTRIES
ING & PARTY
GAMES
Phone 237-0369
1016 E. St.
'i'
UNIVERSITY OF THE PACIFIC
McGEORGE SCHOOL OF LAW
SACRAMENTO CAMPUS
THE PROGRAM OF THE SCHOOL OF LAW ENABLES STUDENTS TO BEGIN
THE STUDY OF LAW I THE SUMMER QUARTER (JUNE 1970) OR AUTUMN
QUARTER fSEPTEMBER 1970), IN EITHER THE THREE YEAR DAY OR FOUR
YEAR EVENI 'G DIVISIO . MCGEORGE OFFERS THEJURISDOCTORDEGREE.
ACCREDITED BY THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION.
0 -CA.'l\1PUS INTERVIEWS OF PROSPECTIVE LAW STUDENTS WILL BE HELD
ON TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1969 FROM 1:30 PM TO 4:30 PM, IN THE
PLACE!vfE T CE TER. CONTACT THE PLACEMENT OFFICE FOR AN
APPOI ·TMENT OR FURTHER INFORMATION.
Crazy Gypsy
Poems
by
Omar Salinas ...
f·rom his f9rthcoming book
On The Streets
It is Saturday ••• day of apples and turnips
on heavy trucks that pass my aunt's house
sleeping. My cousin is awake quibbling with
his painful back, this corner of the earth
surrenders to the anarchy of cows.
I
f
Por los caminos rusticos de la solecfacl
camino,
entristecido
sonador de las estrellas.
Manana repara mi corazon
con poes ia Nerudiana
en el abrigo
oe la ilusion.
WANT ADS
ACROS-$ FROM OORMS-Furn. 2
Br. carpeted, a/cond. $160 or
share with 3 men $45. 439-6481 . ,
'69 Volkswagen Sedan, low mi.,
still in warranty, vinyl uphol .,
R/H, Air Cond., 1222 W. Sierra
Madre, 1 blk so. of Shaw & West.
For Sale - Lange Standard ski
boots, Rossignol Strato skis.
Phone 224-6684.
By George 01 veda
Habia dos rancheros que criaban puercos en los ranchos de cada
uno. Cuando empesaron a hablar de los puercos.
Ranchero #1 : Yo tenqo una puerca que ningun puerco se la ha podido
seducir.
Ranchero #2: Yo tengo un puerco quc cs chingon para seducir
pucrcas.
#1 : Porque no me lo presta? Para que sedusca a mi
puerca.
Luego fucron los ranchcros aver al puerco.
#1 : Cual es el puerco quc es muy chingon para seducir
pucrcac;?
lf2 : Cse cs.
#1 : Esc csta muy chiquito para mi puerca tan grande,
#2: Pues si no alcansa le poncmos un banquito.
Cauan<lo llcvaron al porquito con la puerca, no ocurria nada. Cuando
#1 le clicc a "2;
#1 : No aue Sl1 pucrco era muv chingon para seduci r
puerca'>.
Cuando voltea cl Pl• rQL1ito v fee; dice a los dos ranchf!ros;
Pucrquito: Yo sicndo d r r.ho como chingado auiercn aue me
la Joda, si ticnc la ro ca al revcz.
i
ii
A ommittee of Chicano students from F.S.C. went to Merced
Junior College on Monday, November 3. Three days later this
committee traveled to the College or Sequoias in Visalia. The
Committee is called the MECI-IA
Rural Education Committee. Its
chairman is Jorge Leos, a graduate student.
The committee is comprised of
students ranging from freshmen
to administration. I ts purpose is
to inform other Chicanos in such
organizations as MECHA about
educational opportunities and the
concept of La Raza. As these
areas are distant, these students
financed their own transportation
costs. Many thanks to those students who have sacrificed their
time and efforts. It is encouraging to see young Chicanos devoted
to producing organization and
therefore social progress for
their carnales. As we allknow. if
we don't educate our people the
Anglo will deny it.
At Merced J.C. the committee
was greeted by approximately 30
Chicanos. Their organization is
Hey my Fairest,
why does the face of love I iness
suddenly have a dark shado
of mystery?
W
Have I misused
Y?ur Heart of Gold or is it
simply a wall of meditat ion
that surrounds you?
-Manuel Fernandez
i Precious!
It had been so long since I had
seen him and there I was with
him again. All alone, just he and
I. We began talking about general
, things and then silence filled the
air. We both muttered a few
more words to break the silence
but silence soon crept upon u~
once more, I looked down trying
to avoid looking into his eyes,
He I ifted my chin with his firm
but gent I e hand and I waited·
unwil I ingly though. He pulled
close to him and this time the
most beautiful thing happened. I
felt it from head to toe, mywhole
body ful I of joy, happiness, and
warmth. His gentle kiss seemed
to last forever.
When the precious moment had
passed, it wasn't forawhileafter
I opened my eyes, that I began
to hear the familiar surroundi ng
sounds of the passing traffic. It
was as if by opening my eyes, I
had re-entered the real world
again.
The joy was still jumping in
my whole body. It was a· beautiful kind of joyness. I felt as
though the whole world had been
spinning and I along with it. The
most wonderful feeling was that
the dizziness had never come
close to me, yet, I stil I felt the
spinning sensation. Strange? No,
I don't think so. That moment,
that precious moment had been
blessed, I know, by the Heavens
above. Our lives began with the
descent
of the sun and we
walked on together.
m;
Chicano Education
Committee Progresses
Por Mi Patria Chica
La Soledad·
amorosos
como un panal de lunas
Las Chicanas of Fresno State
College are planning to attend the
Farmworker's Fiesta in Delano
Novermber 22. Also in the brew
are exciting, intriguing, stimulating, vibrating, relaxing, and
heavy intellectual and social happenings (What else can I say?).
Also in the last stages o! development are projective plans for a
good-time hour. All this will be
revealed at the Adelita meeting
on Wednesday, November 19 at
noon. So Chicanas get yourselves
together and make it to this important meeting. Don't be left out
in the dark by not attending this
heavy •junta." The place or the
meeting will be posted around
campus- look around (!or the
Brown)- -Catch you all later.
El Puerquito Jodon
let all anguish be futile
tomorrow it will rain
and the hills of Viet Nam
resume /the sacrifice is not over
la mujer
y pen.samientos,
Oh Happy
Day
We are off to see the movies and the flesh
of night is torn into smal I, I ittle children
as angels eat breaded clouds and spiders
tel I stories to the rabbits of the neighborhood.
comes home
his beloved country
gives homage
and mothers asleep
in cardboard houses
pedazos de nubes
a mi lado
You made your move
and caught the wor Id
by your nostrils
and escaped half god
demo! ished
Saturday
Bereavements are over
the wedding takes place
the little girls dream of insomnia
the giant circus and angels
gather on the streets
I ike apostrophes
come to impregnate the earth with trouble.
listen
fighting men tarnish the ground
death has whispered
·
tales to the young
and now choir boys are ringing
bells
another sacrifice for America
a Mexican
sky
sad and brave
your descendants
drinking peuote
Your fingers dig into clouds
as memory burns
and you embrace your land
and disappear
into the vapor
of dream
It is June and my mother is awake
the flowers in the disheveled garden
are praying
and the priests of the parish are studying
geometry
my good father is selling soap to the rich
and the mad doctors have no one to talk to.
the ears of strangers
You lunged and caught fire
flowers falling from a disenchanted
You appear in our nightmares
On the darkened streets of starving women and
uni it doorways
where riddles and children are thrown together
worms, dogs, cats meander the trash
of the rich
unspent hours spinning webs
and mathematical books l aying drunk
on U~bles
The aristocratic moon peeps in for a look
what stars there are 1sold in candy stores
and the I iquor of spiders
goes drifting through the rain.
Death In Vietnam
Quetzalcoatle
called CSU (Chicano Student Union). At C.O.S. their organization
. is called UMAS (United Mexican
American Students). They have
approximately 90-100 membership. Although thebP. organizations are re 1 at i v e 1 y new they
showed much enthusiasm tor La
Raza. Our reception was well
received and we were urgently
invited to return.
Next week the committee wlll
go to Reedley J.C. and it is open
to any Chicano student who is
interested and truly committed
to La Causa.
L A
V I V A
RAZ A'.
SPECIALS
WHITE, NA VY & STRIPES
BELL BOTTOM
TROUSERS
349
only
up
STA PREST PANTS
WHILE
THEY
LAST!!
395
Reg.
12.95
& up
AIR FORCE
SUN
GLASSES
229
NAVY
895
PEA .COATS'
& up
LOU'S BARBERS
\IE:\'
11:\IUST\Ll'.'.G
The Method Prc.>!erred by
Hollywood Cc.>lebrities
Shaw-\\cst Shopping f'enter
Haircuts S'.!.50 12 & und4n $2 . 00
NAVY SHIRTS
_ALL
SIZES
195
Sat. S2 . 25
Ph. 222-99-15
LUPE'S
11
~~\~·
2087 W. Shaw
UPHOLSTERY
Automobile & Fumiturl"
5225 ~. ~larket Street
:\. Fresno
268-6988
Open 6 Days a Week
RENEWAL BODY WORKS
Collision Repair - Brake Sf"T\"ice
Wheel Alignment - Au to Painting
24 Hour Towing S.-rvicf"
G.I.
FATIGUE
JACKETS
G.I. FIELD
JACKETS
1so
495
Most complete stock of
Jackets - and sizes in
the Valley.
711 E. Shaw
Nites:291-3188 Clovis. Calif.
Da;\·s: 299-2116
Para que Vd. tome agusto
y contento
las
MARACA'S CAFE
el lugar preferido para familiar
5345 ~ - Motel Dr .
(Old Hwy. 9Q)
237-9755
602 Broadway
237-3615
FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
Daily
Collegian
LXXV /44 .
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1969
Cholos, Psychological
No-Man's Land
Jack D. Forbes, University
of California, Davis
Throughout the Americas there
are from 50 and 70 million people who in the past have been
called all kinds of names, most
of them bad ones. They have
been called Mestizos, HalfBreeds, Half-Bloods, Metis, Ladinos, Coyotes, and just plain
"Breeds." All of these names
are either derogatory or are
general names which can be applied to any kind of person . of
, mixed race (for example, a Chinese-Filipino person is a "Mestizo" in the Philippines).
Only one Native American Indian-has ever been widely used
for Indian-White mixed-bloods
and that is "Cholo." Cholo
refers only to Indian-White mixed-bloods and not to other kinds
of mixtures. It is a unique, old
Indian word. It is still used
today from Mexico to Peru as
a synonym for Mestizo and also
to refer to an Indian who has
taken up European ways to some
degree. For example, an Indian
woman who becomes a merchant
and who begins wearing semi. white clothing comes to be thought
of as a Cholo. That is, her cul-ture or way of life has become
mixed and she is no longer completely accepted by traditional
Indian people.
So in the Americas today we
have two kinds of Cholos, those
who are physicall}' of mixed-race
and those who are all-Indian by
blood but of mixed culture. In
many ways these two kinds of
people are the same. since they
are •in-between" people. They
belong fully to neither the Indian Community or to tl)e nonIndian Community, and thatisthe
fate of the Cholo, to be pulled
back and forth by conflicting desires and to be pushed back and ·
forth by confiicting forces.
1
In the United States and Canada most true Cholos (those of
mixed race) have either moved
in with the White population, or,
if living on a reservation, have
tended to identify with white values and culture. Some Cholos
have managed to throw off any
split personality and have
become all-Indian in their
identity, especially in areas such
as California or Eastern Oklahoma where most members of
Indian tribes are o! mixed race.
But on many reservations Cholos
never cease to be "breeds• becuase the "Full-Bloods" will not
ac·cept them or because it is financially rewarding to_move in a
White directions.
Nowadays, many Cholos have
made a decision to be Indian
and they are trying their best
to work in the Indian liberation
st rug g 1 e . But many thousands
(perhaps millions) of Cholos of
predominantly White ancestry
continue to live in a "psychological no-man's land," being neither white nor Indian. No Cholo
can really be a white man, no
matter how small the degree of
Indian ancestry, because he
knows in his heart that he cannot erase the blood of his Indian ancestors shed by his white
anr,estors. He knows also that
the racism of Whites still condemns his Indian ancestry even
while occassionally being romantic about it.
How can these thousands or
millions of Cholos be given a
role in the Indian liberation
struggle? How can they be given
an opportunity to rediscover their
Indian heritage?
Many outstanding Indian leaders of the past were Cholos
(John Ross of the Cherokees
was only 1/8 Cherokee by blood).
Many outstanding freedom-fightIn Canada some Cholos belong
ers such as Henry Berry Lowto Indian tribes but the majority
rie of North Carolina and Tiare either unorganized or belong
burcio Vasquez of California
to the many local and regional
were Cholos. But at the same
"Metls" organizations.
time there were sell-out Cholos
In both the U.S. and Canada
such as McIntosh of the Creeks
those Cholos who do not belong
and LeFlore of the Choctaws.
to tribes represent an important
In the United States mos Chogroups for organizing purposes
los do not belong to any organexpecially from the Indian viewized groups , except for the Mexpoint. Having Indian blood as
ican-American people (a 11 of
they do, Cholos can be expected
whom are either Cholos or Into generally be more sympathetic
dians by race) and certain groups
to the needs of the Indian libwho belong to Indian tribes comeration struggle, oncer they are
posed entirely (or almost enmade aware of the facts. We
tirely) of mixed bloods (such as
all know that there are not enough
th~ Lumbees of North Carolina
tribal members in the U.S. (probor the Cherokees of Oklahoma).
ably less than 600,000 and this
Most Cholos are unorganized,
includes at least 300,000 Cholos
whether English-speaking, Spanwho are members of the tribes)
ish-speaking, or French-speakto build up any great degree of
ing.
political pressure. But with the
ans and Cholos sometimes seek
act! ve help of 5 to 1O million to divide up and sell the reserCholos, Indians can build up as
vation (as at Klamath Lake and
Colville.)
much pressure as the Black poWhen Cholos (and oll-reservapulation can muster.
tlon Indians) behave in an antiBut can Cholos be organized
and can Indians learn to work
Indian manner it ls usually due
with, and accept, Cholo collato ignorance or to poverty, both
boration? We should not deceive
results of colonialism. Cholos
ourselves about the past history
who are liberated from white
of Cholo-Indian rivalry and anmis-education and who undertagonism, fostered by white racstand the total Cholo-Indian inism and colonialist "divide and
terest in long-range economic
conquer "techniques. Also we
development will not be fooled
should not forget that in many
by Claims Case lawyers and
"Claims Cases" the off-reser- ' BIA term.inationists.
vation Indians and Cholos, anxEducation can only be accomious for per capita payments,
plished if an effort is made to
represent a threat to on-reserreach the Cholo-people and to
vation development. And ln some
organize them.
What is your
termination battles, the same
group doing to accomplish this
alliance or off-reservation lndigoal?
History
By Lehman L. Brightman
The American Indians are the
most deprived, uneducated, poverty stricken race In the United
States. And the shocking iJ)8-rt of
this statement is that there is no
healthy out-look for these social
Ills in the near future. The unemployment rates sometimes reach
as high as 75 per cent on some
reservations, with the median
famtly income under $1, 500,
coupled with sub-standard housing that is 90 per cent below
acceptable standards, and the average age of death at 42 years
compared to an average of 62 for
the general population.
The health problems are equally as bad, with gastroenteric
deaths five ti mes the national rate
tuberculosis death rates are five
times higher among Indians and
seven times higher among Alaska
natives; the infant death rate is
almost double that of the general
population; i~uenza and pneumonia are twice as high among
Indians and three times as high
among Alaska natives. There are
also some plseases that are almost unheard of in the general
society, but they are still prevalent among Indians, such as
•Trachoma," an eye disease that
still strikes many Indians and
causes blindness if it isn't caught
in time.(l)
These grim facts are deeply
disturbing and properly so, but
what can be done to break the cycle of poverty, ill health and lack
of education? This is a question
that only the Federal Government
can answer , and it's about time,
because contrary lo public opinion induced by authors such as
Zane Grey in his •vanishing
American." the Indians are growing in population (06 per cent
from l!l50 to H>60). or course this
growth in population is the only
department that the Indians are
leading, because they are at the
bottom of the totem pole in all
other departments ....
Indians are disabled IJy the lowest incomes, largest families,
lowest occupalional status, highest unemployment rates, and the
least adequate e·ducational training. And to top of! this pathetic
array of social ills, the discri m ination that
surrounds most
Indian communities and res;rvations effectively blocks off most
attempts at good jobs and adequate housing .(2)
As • forgotten Americans" who
have been most effectively debarred from benefits of justice and
democracy in their country, lndiians also are the victims of military conquest (which ended barely 50 years ago) and systematic
and repress! ve colonialization
(which continues to the present).
The American Indians are still
dependent upon the Bureau of
Indian Affairs on reservations
and in Indian communities for
matters large and small, plus the
broad authority of the Secretary
of Interior is still the supreme.
•The Great White Father in
Washington."
This harsh profile of poverty
and deprivation is hard to believe
in present day America, with all
the anti-poverty programs we
have to eliminate poverty, and
especially so in our •Great Society• as President Johnson has
so named this golden era.
(1) Howard A. Rush, • A Profile
of Poverty," San. Francisco Examinor and Chronicle (Dec. 11,
1966).
(2) Statement of Senator Robert
F. Kennedy as quoted in • American Indian Proposal for a PreVocational Training
Project.
Oakland, Oakland Arnericanlndian Assocaition, (1968), p.4 .
\
Red Shirl
An Indian Lollabye
the heritage that was the root
By Leonard Smith
Once upon a time in a narrow cause of the savagery. They atvillage called Fresno (a small tempted to force-feed you on a
segment of a vast utopia called diet of christian ethics and only
the United States of the Ameri- asked in return that you periodcans) a white man in a black suit ically don feathers and beads and
and very tide shoes walked into perform for them. For your land
the cultural hub of the village. they generously offered the opThls hub was enshrined the portunity to become a full-fledged
Greyhound Bus Termrnal, a symswimmer in the mainstream of
bolic reminder of sleek interwhite hawk life. A more than !air
village unity. He found an empty
exchange. . • . The white Hawk
seat near a red man with very
being superior philosophers and
untidy feet. The white man spoke,
very progressive individuals
"I chose to sit next to you because
soon· realized that history was
you . are a free running antelope.
always plotting against them. In
History books have taugtit me
order to redefine the past and
this; you are a part of the wild
control the future, they decided
animals who provided consistent
that all inhabitants of this land
danger to the ci vili zi~g processes
would have to be molderi into very
of the invading white hawks. But
similar patterns. Having fied rewhy are you still an antelope?
ligious persecution, they im medSurely the laws passed by the
iately set out to initiate a new
rulers of the white hawk crusades
system, and, although it resemhad but one goal: to make you as
bles very much the same persehuman as themselves. They even
cution that they fled from, it is
kidnapped your offspring at a tenmuch :n0re fatherly and benevoder age to save them from your
lent. U11less you Indians get off
wild animal influence and transyour asses, there is no place for
ported them to government
you in your lc'1d. After all, equalboarding schools to make the ity is sameness, and you fiave not
transition
more expitidious. yet become the same. Don't you
understand that the salvation of
They knew from divine providence that your culture was a your people lies in the valley of
primitive savage experience and Middle Class? Let us help you
it was their burden to save the · find the path to the real man. He
young and eventually exterminate is white, protestant, healthy, am-
bilious, earnest. a man whom the
lord smiles upon by increasing
the fruits of hislabor.Ifyoucan't
quite reach our image but have
really tried, our leaders will
compensate you with welfare and
this shall be fairly distributed in
proportion to your resemblance
to us.
"We have a system of government unmatched in the civilized
world. A two party system. The
Elephantians and theJackals. The
Elephantians are the personification of our puritan virtues. It is
our religion of progress and respectability. A cherished sect of
patriots who run on apple pie and
peanut butter. Horatio Algers who
can instatntly step into a phone
booth at the first hint of dissent
and emerge in red, white and blue
underwear and crush the wildeyed rebels. The Elephantians
are ultra-dedicated. Evidence
their ability to lose e1ect1011"
rather than depart from their
doctrines.
"The Jackals on the other hand
are the special interest party.
Creators of farm subsidies, oil
depletion allowances, tariffs and
large ineffectual development al- _
large, ineffectual development
projects. One of the greatest accomplishments of the Jackals is
their creation o! aclassofpeople
called "poor ," which they immediately institutionalized. This
made escape from this compartment almost impossible. And remember the leaders of both these
parties are well-versed inlndian
affairs as evidenced by their
willingness to hire Indian gardeners and their superb collections
of Hopi Kachina dons.
"With all of these virtues in our
system. we offer you an open invitation to join us to become us.
Why are yo'1 still dilly-dallying?
Remember ·white is might, and
might is right!
"To show that our government
is looking out for unfortunates
and socially deprived, I, myself,
have been appointed as a special
agent ot Indian affairs and arn
presently on my way to straighten out the affairs of a nearby reservation. As you see by my knowledge of Indian ways, no one more
qualified could have been appointed. I'm certain that somewhere
in my past one of my intrepid
pioneer fore fathers must have
been linked with a young Cherokee
princess, and therefore, I am
part antelope myself."
Thereby turning to his red
brother for response, he noticed
Running Antelope was in a dead
sleep.
EDITORIAL
In the past two weeks there has been considerable t lk b
a a out and
otest to the recent d eve I opments on campus. I'm sure
r
P
h
d · · t t'
you are also
are that t e a m1n1s ra ,on has refused to act o th·
.
aW
n 1s crucial
problem.
.
.
Many of you have the 1mpress1onthatthis is J·ust "anoth
.
.
,
er minority
problem". Well, I ve got _new_s for you; this is not a racial problem
or a problem of the minority student themselves, but a problem
relevant to every st.u?ent at F.S.C, This is one time you can't hide
behind that old fam ii 1ar excuse, "'It doesn't pertain td
h
.
I d?" Th
.
me, so w y
should I get invo ve .
ere 1s no escaping the fact that th
.
11
d
·
t·f·
ose
men
who were uneth ,ca Y an unJus , ,ably dismissed from their ad .
.
.
.
m1nistrative po~ t s, were n~t d 1sn:1ssed ,n accordance with •what the
general publ 1c and al umm want. I cannot stand by in idleness as two
men, who for so long acted on what was always beneficial to th
campus ~re casually "shoved" ~s.ide, We must continue to exp res:
our opinions and show the administration that we do not agree 'th
.. t rat·ive c hanges " , but most important of all, I agree WI
its •adm1n1s
with
those who have already stressed this point, we must not let this
problem die down.
I know many of you have been disturbed by the Chicano edition
of the Daily ~ollegian,_ b~\ it is our tool of information, our only
means of tel I rng how it Is. ~ead our I iterature, our poems, our
opinions and even look at the pictures, because through these channels we are telling it I ike it is, nothing more, nothing less.
-Guadalupe De Le Cruz
Ortega Will Seek lo Unseat Burns·
-FRESNO BEE, Monday
November 10, 1969
Jack Ortega, for the past three
yea_rs the lobbyist in Sacramento
for the Mexican-American Political Association, said yesterday
he will be a Democratic candidate next year for the State Sen'--3.te seat held now by Hugh M.
Burns of Fresno.
And Assemblyman George N.
zenovich has come as close as
he has yet to a statement that
he may seek re-election to his
present post, rather than try to
move over to the Senate in next
year's elections.
Zenovich, the chairman of the
Assembly Democratic Caucus,
said he still is thinking about the
possibility of running for the Senate if Burns decides to retire,
but he said he faces a" dilemma"
because of his leadership position in the lower house,
•1 would prefer, frankly, for
the next two years to stay in the
Assembly," said zenovich. •1
want the party to hold on to the
seats they have and try to pick
up a couple of more next year."
He said he would stay out of
any primary election fight involving Burns and Ortega. He has
said frequently that he would not
run for the Senate nomination
against Burns.
In announcing his decision to
run against Burns-it, indeed,
Burns does run-Orteta said:
•Burns isn't a Democrat. He
has stangled more social legislation in the Senate than Adolf Hitler. I think he's a racist. He has
'llone nothing for farm labor and
represents only the agricultural
special interests."
Unruh Support?
Ortega said he thinks Assembly
Minority Leader Jess Unruh, who
hopes to be the Democratic gubernatorial nominee next year,
may support him in a bid against
Burns.
_ He noted Unruh has pledged
himself to support minority candidates for legislative offices and
quoted Unruh as saying, "I '11 support anybody against Burns." An
Unruh aide, however, said Unruh
gave Ortega no specific pledge of
support.
The 39-year-old Ortega said
Wallace D. _Henderson, also an
ann~nced candidate for Burns'
job -wHI not support the grape
boycott. "He says he is neutral,"
s_a id Ortega.
Ortega, of course, is a solid
supporter of the boycott and could
be expected to make it a principal is[ue in a campaign.
Yesterday, in a brief speech
to the Democrat's "Project '70
Conference" in the Convention
Center, Ortega called upon members of his party to "stop supporting psuedo Democrats who
have prostituted our party." He
left no doubt he was referring
to Burns.
Halloween Is For
Children Everywhere
To an eight-year-old child, his
most important events occur during the most exciting days of his
young life.
One such - exciting day came
true on the evening of October 31
when the "real" Halloween atmosphere was seen by hundreds
of children on the westside of
Fresno. The ghostly action took
place at St. Alphonsus' Catholic
Church where the •Adelitas" or:..
ganization of Fresno State sponsored what might be considered
the "frightfullest" Halloween
party ever held.
The children, although some-
what stunned by all the happenings, managed to secure enough
candy and treats to extremely
fulfill their needs, while at the
same time playing games gun by
the wierdest-looking characters
in town.
The overall Halloween picture
was a tremendous success. All
the thanks go to the powerful
"Adelita" group who made one
extra effort to the not-so-luclcy
children of the westside; a contribution to humanity•
To be a child comes only once
in a lifetime; and to content his
feelings means the world. On
October 31st they were contented.
land Grab And Dispersal Foreter
Plans by the state and federal
governments to construct a series of dams in the mountain
valleys of Northern California
are threatening to flood many
of the area's Indians out of their
homes and drive them from what
little land has not already been
stolen from them by the white
man.
The first of these projects, for
which preparations have already
begun, will be located at Dos
Rios in Mendocino County and
if completed will totally inundate
the Round Valley Indian Reservation, forcing evacuation of the
~50 Native American residents.
This. however, is but the latest
in a series of injustices which
these people have had to suffer,
dating back to the 1850's when
the United States Army rounded
up 2,000 Indians from throughout the surrounding area and
herded them into the valley in
order to make room tor prospectors and settlers during the
famous California Gold Rush.
In 1858 part of the valley
was made into an Indian Res rvation by President Buchanan,
but this did not prevent white
squatters from settling there illegally. Congress then authorized the allocation of funds with
which to buy out these trespassers, and the settlers gladly accepted the money but still refused to leave.
They took advantage of a California law permitting whites to
indenture [ndians, and as a result many Native Americans lost
their lives. In 1861 the settlers
conjured up the "Mendocino Indian War" which even the
government recognized and condemned as nothing more than an
excuse to kill Indians, but nothing was done to stop it. Incidents like the ambush of a group
of Indians aod murder of 22 or
them by a band of whites in
August 1,862 became a common
occurrence.
In 1870 President Grant declared the entire valley and surrounding hills to be the Round
Valley Indian Reservation, and
the government made a couple
of half-hearted attempts to remove the settlers by force, but
nothing ever came of this. Then,
in 1873 Congress officially opened up the southern two-thirds
of the valley to settlement.
In 1887 the Dawes Act was
passed, permitting allocation of
reservation land to indi victual
Indian families and "surplus"
land to white settlement. This
constant encroachment on the
Indians' territory has resulted
in the reduction of tribal land
in Round Valley from over 102,
000 acres in the 1870's to 12,
000 acres today, plus about 7,
000 acres owned by individual
Indian families. And now the
government wants to flood the
Indians out of even that.
The dam was nrst proposed
for the purpose of flood control. However, it was pointed
out that only 17 percent or the
Eel River lies above the prop6sed site and that the main
source of the flood waters would
thus be unaffected. Proponents
of the project then decided that
its maJor purpose is to create
a recreation area and to provide water for Southern California.
Yet, according to 'or man
Whipple, president of the Round
Valley Indian Tribal Council whci
g ve an informal interview to
reporters, the channeling of
water from the lake in sufficiently large quantiti s to make it
worthwhile from th
point of
view of the people in Southern
California would probably ere te
vast mud flats around th entire
shore llne which would be very
ugly and make the area rather
unattractl ve a a recreation area.
Moreover, the area is one or the
best, places in the country for
deer an~ bear hunting and fishing for steelhead and salmon.
The Eel is one of the few untamed r i v e r s go i n g t h rough
wilderness and semi-wilderness
areas left in the country, and
with the dam all this would be
lost to sportsmen.
The government-concerned as
ever about the welfare of the Indians who will be displacedhas offered in its infinite magnanimity to relocate the town of
Covelo and give the TribalCouncil two acres of mountain land
for each acre of valley land lost.
However, as Mr. Whipple was
quick to point out, most of this
land had already been available
to the Indians, but they chose
to "'!s ettle in the valley because
the mountain land could not provide them with a livelihood.
The situation is perhaps best
summed up by the Tribal Council's own position paper which
says, "The U.S.Army brought
more than 20 tribal e:rouos to
Round Valley between 18S0-1875,
speaking different language'? and
sometimes Wstoric enemies. The
Indians didn't ask to come there,
but now, a century later, the
survivors otthose desperate early years have adjusted to a new
Indian community. Round Valley
is the only home they have known
and the last tiny piece of California left to the people who
once enjoyed plentiful lands. Its
flooding would disperse them forever."
Upcoming
Anthology
Esttmados carnales:
This letter is to inform you that
I am collecting materials for an
anthology of Chicano literature
to be pubUshed early in 1970 by
Harper and Row. Royalties will
be paid on everything published.
As co-editor, I am hoping to
put together an anthology with social, political and spiritual content. All types and forms of Uterature wi 11 be considered:
poems, short plays, essays, short
stories, speeches, cartoons, etc.
The stress is on corazon, on
truth, on Chicanos wrlting for
Chicanos. Materials are accepted in Spanish, English, Nahuatl,
or Calo.
Please send me whatever you
have to the following address:
Chicano Anthology
P.O. Box 2302
Fresno California 93720
Everything submitted will be considered in the true spirit ofCarnalismo.
Hasta la Victoria,
Luis Valdez
Director
El Teatro Campesino
POR LA RAZA TOTO C /S
FUERA DE LA RAZA NADA.
PENA'S .
Since 1938
Specializing~·
n
CAN PASTRIES
ING & PARTY
GAMES
Phone 237-0369
1016 E. St.
'i'
UNIVERSITY OF THE PACIFIC
McGEORGE SCHOOL OF LAW
SACRAMENTO CAMPUS
THE PROGRAM OF THE SCHOOL OF LAW ENABLES STUDENTS TO BEGIN
THE STUDY OF LAW I THE SUMMER QUARTER (JUNE 1970) OR AUTUMN
QUARTER fSEPTEMBER 1970), IN EITHER THE THREE YEAR DAY OR FOUR
YEAR EVENI 'G DIVISIO . MCGEORGE OFFERS THEJURISDOCTORDEGREE.
ACCREDITED BY THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION.
0 -CA.'l\1PUS INTERVIEWS OF PROSPECTIVE LAW STUDENTS WILL BE HELD
ON TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1969 FROM 1:30 PM TO 4:30 PM, IN THE
PLACE!vfE T CE TER. CONTACT THE PLACEMENT OFFICE FOR AN
APPOI ·TMENT OR FURTHER INFORMATION.
Crazy Gypsy
Poems
by
Omar Salinas ...
f·rom his f9rthcoming book
On The Streets
It is Saturday ••• day of apples and turnips
on heavy trucks that pass my aunt's house
sleeping. My cousin is awake quibbling with
his painful back, this corner of the earth
surrenders to the anarchy of cows.
I
f
Por los caminos rusticos de la solecfacl
camino,
entristecido
sonador de las estrellas.
Manana repara mi corazon
con poes ia Nerudiana
en el abrigo
oe la ilusion.
WANT ADS
ACROS-$ FROM OORMS-Furn. 2
Br. carpeted, a/cond. $160 or
share with 3 men $45. 439-6481 . ,
'69 Volkswagen Sedan, low mi.,
still in warranty, vinyl uphol .,
R/H, Air Cond., 1222 W. Sierra
Madre, 1 blk so. of Shaw & West.
For Sale - Lange Standard ski
boots, Rossignol Strato skis.
Phone 224-6684.
By George 01 veda
Habia dos rancheros que criaban puercos en los ranchos de cada
uno. Cuando empesaron a hablar de los puercos.
Ranchero #1 : Yo tenqo una puerca que ningun puerco se la ha podido
seducir.
Ranchero #2: Yo tengo un puerco quc cs chingon para seducir
pucrcas.
#1 : Porque no me lo presta? Para que sedusca a mi
puerca.
Luego fucron los ranchcros aver al puerco.
#1 : Cual es el puerco quc es muy chingon para seducir
pucrcac;?
lf2 : Cse cs.
#1 : Esc csta muy chiquito para mi puerca tan grande,
#2: Pues si no alcansa le poncmos un banquito.
Cauan<lo llcvaron al porquito con la puerca, no ocurria nada. Cuando
#1 le clicc a "2;
#1 : No aue Sl1 pucrco era muv chingon para seduci r
puerca'>.
Cuando voltea cl Pl• rQL1ito v fee; dice a los dos ranchf!ros;
Pucrquito: Yo sicndo d r r.ho como chingado auiercn aue me
la Joda, si ticnc la ro ca al revcz.
i
ii
A ommittee of Chicano students from F.S.C. went to Merced
Junior College on Monday, November 3. Three days later this
committee traveled to the College or Sequoias in Visalia. The
Committee is called the MECI-IA
Rural Education Committee. Its
chairman is Jorge Leos, a graduate student.
The committee is comprised of
students ranging from freshmen
to administration. I ts purpose is
to inform other Chicanos in such
organizations as MECHA about
educational opportunities and the
concept of La Raza. As these
areas are distant, these students
financed their own transportation
costs. Many thanks to those students who have sacrificed their
time and efforts. It is encouraging to see young Chicanos devoted
to producing organization and
therefore social progress for
their carnales. As we allknow. if
we don't educate our people the
Anglo will deny it.
At Merced J.C. the committee
was greeted by approximately 30
Chicanos. Their organization is
Hey my Fairest,
why does the face of love I iness
suddenly have a dark shado
of mystery?
W
Have I misused
Y?ur Heart of Gold or is it
simply a wall of meditat ion
that surrounds you?
-Manuel Fernandez
i Precious!
It had been so long since I had
seen him and there I was with
him again. All alone, just he and
I. We began talking about general
, things and then silence filled the
air. We both muttered a few
more words to break the silence
but silence soon crept upon u~
once more, I looked down trying
to avoid looking into his eyes,
He I ifted my chin with his firm
but gent I e hand and I waited·
unwil I ingly though. He pulled
close to him and this time the
most beautiful thing happened. I
felt it from head to toe, mywhole
body ful I of joy, happiness, and
warmth. His gentle kiss seemed
to last forever.
When the precious moment had
passed, it wasn't forawhileafter
I opened my eyes, that I began
to hear the familiar surroundi ng
sounds of the passing traffic. It
was as if by opening my eyes, I
had re-entered the real world
again.
The joy was still jumping in
my whole body. It was a· beautiful kind of joyness. I felt as
though the whole world had been
spinning and I along with it. The
most wonderful feeling was that
the dizziness had never come
close to me, yet, I stil I felt the
spinning sensation. Strange? No,
I don't think so. That moment,
that precious moment had been
blessed, I know, by the Heavens
above. Our lives began with the
descent
of the sun and we
walked on together.
m;
Chicano Education
Committee Progresses
Por Mi Patria Chica
La Soledad·
amorosos
como un panal de lunas
Las Chicanas of Fresno State
College are planning to attend the
Farmworker's Fiesta in Delano
Novermber 22. Also in the brew
are exciting, intriguing, stimulating, vibrating, relaxing, and
heavy intellectual and social happenings (What else can I say?).
Also in the last stages o! development are projective plans for a
good-time hour. All this will be
revealed at the Adelita meeting
on Wednesday, November 19 at
noon. So Chicanas get yourselves
together and make it to this important meeting. Don't be left out
in the dark by not attending this
heavy •junta." The place or the
meeting will be posted around
campus- look around (!or the
Brown)- -Catch you all later.
El Puerquito Jodon
let all anguish be futile
tomorrow it will rain
and the hills of Viet Nam
resume /the sacrifice is not over
la mujer
y pen.samientos,
Oh Happy
Day
We are off to see the movies and the flesh
of night is torn into smal I, I ittle children
as angels eat breaded clouds and spiders
tel I stories to the rabbits of the neighborhood.
comes home
his beloved country
gives homage
and mothers asleep
in cardboard houses
pedazos de nubes
a mi lado
You made your move
and caught the wor Id
by your nostrils
and escaped half god
demo! ished
Saturday
Bereavements are over
the wedding takes place
the little girls dream of insomnia
the giant circus and angels
gather on the streets
I ike apostrophes
come to impregnate the earth with trouble.
listen
fighting men tarnish the ground
death has whispered
·
tales to the young
and now choir boys are ringing
bells
another sacrifice for America
a Mexican
sky
sad and brave
your descendants
drinking peuote
Your fingers dig into clouds
as memory burns
and you embrace your land
and disappear
into the vapor
of dream
It is June and my mother is awake
the flowers in the disheveled garden
are praying
and the priests of the parish are studying
geometry
my good father is selling soap to the rich
and the mad doctors have no one to talk to.
the ears of strangers
You lunged and caught fire
flowers falling from a disenchanted
You appear in our nightmares
On the darkened streets of starving women and
uni it doorways
where riddles and children are thrown together
worms, dogs, cats meander the trash
of the rich
unspent hours spinning webs
and mathematical books l aying drunk
on U~bles
The aristocratic moon peeps in for a look
what stars there are 1sold in candy stores
and the I iquor of spiders
goes drifting through the rain.
Death In Vietnam
Quetzalcoatle
called CSU (Chicano Student Union). At C.O.S. their organization
. is called UMAS (United Mexican
American Students). They have
approximately 90-100 membership. Although thebP. organizations are re 1 at i v e 1 y new they
showed much enthusiasm tor La
Raza. Our reception was well
received and we were urgently
invited to return.
Next week the committee wlll
go to Reedley J.C. and it is open
to any Chicano student who is
interested and truly committed
to La Causa.
L A
V I V A
RAZ A'.
SPECIALS
WHITE, NA VY & STRIPES
BELL BOTTOM
TROUSERS
349
only
up
STA PREST PANTS
WHILE
THEY
LAST!!
395
Reg.
12.95
& up
AIR FORCE
SUN
GLASSES
229
NAVY
895
PEA .COATS'
& up
LOU'S BARBERS
\IE:\'
11:\IUST\Ll'.'.G
The Method Prc.>!erred by
Hollywood Cc.>lebrities
Shaw-\\cst Shopping f'enter
Haircuts S'.!.50 12 & und4n $2 . 00
NAVY SHIRTS
_ALL
SIZES
195
Sat. S2 . 25
Ph. 222-99-15
LUPE'S
11
~~\~·
2087 W. Shaw
UPHOLSTERY
Automobile & Fumiturl"
5225 ~. ~larket Street
:\. Fresno
268-6988
Open 6 Days a Week
RENEWAL BODY WORKS
Collision Repair - Brake Sf"T\"ice
Wheel Alignment - Au to Painting
24 Hour Towing S.-rvicf"
G.I.
FATIGUE
JACKETS
G.I. FIELD
JACKETS
1so
495
Most complete stock of
Jackets - and sizes in
the Valley.
711 E. Shaw
Nites:291-3188 Clovis. Calif.
Da;\·s: 299-2116
Para que Vd. tome agusto
y contento
las
MARACA'S CAFE
el lugar preferido para familiar
5345 ~ - Motel Dr .
(Old Hwy. 9Q)
237-9755
602 Broadway
237-3615
FRESNO STATE COLLEGE,
FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
Daily
Collegian
LXXV /44 .
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1969
Cholos, Psychological
No-Man's Land
Jack D. Forbes, University
of California, Davis
Throughout the Americas there
are from 50 and 70 million people who in the past have been
called all kinds of names, most
of them bad ones. They have
been called Mestizos, HalfBreeds, Half-Bloods, Metis, Ladinos, Coyotes, and just plain
"Breeds." All of these names
are either derogatory or are
general names which can be applied to any kind of person . of
, mixed race (for example, a Chinese-Filipino person is a "Mestizo" in the Philippines).
Only one Native American Indian-has ever been widely used
for Indian-White mixed-bloods
and that is "Cholo." Cholo
refers only to Indian-White mixed-bloods and not to other kinds
of mixtures. It is a unique, old
Indian word. It is still used
today from Mexico to Peru as
a synonym for Mestizo and also
to refer to an Indian who has
taken up European ways to some
degree. For example, an Indian
woman who becomes a merchant
and who begins wearing semi. white clothing comes to be thought
of as a Cholo. That is, her cul-ture or way of life has become
mixed and she is no longer completely accepted by traditional
Indian people.
So in the Americas today we
have two kinds of Cholos, those
who are physicall}' of mixed-race
and those who are all-Indian by
blood but of mixed culture. In
many ways these two kinds of
people are the same. since they
are •in-between" people. They
belong fully to neither the Indian Community or to tl)e nonIndian Community, and thatisthe
fate of the Cholo, to be pulled
back and forth by conflicting desires and to be pushed back and ·
forth by confiicting forces.
1
In the United States and Canada most true Cholos (those of
mixed race) have either moved
in with the White population, or,
if living on a reservation, have
tended to identify with white values and culture. Some Cholos
have managed to throw off any
split personality and have
become all-Indian in their
identity, especially in areas such
as California or Eastern Oklahoma where most members of
Indian tribes are o! mixed race.
But on many reservations Cholos
never cease to be "breeds• becuase the "Full-Bloods" will not
ac·cept them or because it is financially rewarding to_move in a
White directions.
Nowadays, many Cholos have
made a decision to be Indian
and they are trying their best
to work in the Indian liberation
st rug g 1 e . But many thousands
(perhaps millions) of Cholos of
predominantly White ancestry
continue to live in a "psychological no-man's land," being neither white nor Indian. No Cholo
can really be a white man, no
matter how small the degree of
Indian ancestry, because he
knows in his heart that he cannot erase the blood of his Indian ancestors shed by his white
anr,estors. He knows also that
the racism of Whites still condemns his Indian ancestry even
while occassionally being romantic about it.
How can these thousands or
millions of Cholos be given a
role in the Indian liberation
struggle? How can they be given
an opportunity to rediscover their
Indian heritage?
Many outstanding Indian leaders of the past were Cholos
(John Ross of the Cherokees
was only 1/8 Cherokee by blood).
Many outstanding freedom-fightIn Canada some Cholos belong
ers such as Henry Berry Lowto Indian tribes but the majority
rie of North Carolina and Tiare either unorganized or belong
burcio Vasquez of California
to the many local and regional
were Cholos. But at the same
"Metls" organizations.
time there were sell-out Cholos
In both the U.S. and Canada
such as McIntosh of the Creeks
those Cholos who do not belong
and LeFlore of the Choctaws.
to tribes represent an important
In the United States mos Chogroups for organizing purposes
los do not belong to any organexpecially from the Indian viewized groups , except for the Mexpoint. Having Indian blood as
ican-American people (a 11 of
they do, Cholos can be expected
whom are either Cholos or Into generally be more sympathetic
dians by race) and certain groups
to the needs of the Indian libwho belong to Indian tribes comeration struggle, oncer they are
posed entirely (or almost enmade aware of the facts. We
tirely) of mixed bloods (such as
all know that there are not enough
th~ Lumbees of North Carolina
tribal members in the U.S. (probor the Cherokees of Oklahoma).
ably less than 600,000 and this
Most Cholos are unorganized,
includes at least 300,000 Cholos
whether English-speaking, Spanwho are members of the tribes)
ish-speaking, or French-speakto build up any great degree of
ing.
political pressure. But with the
ans and Cholos sometimes seek
act! ve help of 5 to 1O million to divide up and sell the reserCholos, Indians can build up as
vation (as at Klamath Lake and
Colville.)
much pressure as the Black poWhen Cholos (and oll-reservapulation can muster.
tlon Indians) behave in an antiBut can Cholos be organized
and can Indians learn to work
Indian manner it ls usually due
with, and accept, Cholo collato ignorance or to poverty, both
boration? We should not deceive
results of colonialism. Cholos
ourselves about the past history
who are liberated from white
of Cholo-Indian rivalry and anmis-education and who undertagonism, fostered by white racstand the total Cholo-Indian inism and colonialist "divide and
terest in long-range economic
conquer "techniques. Also we
development will not be fooled
should not forget that in many
by Claims Case lawyers and
"Claims Cases" the off-reser- ' BIA term.inationists.
vation Indians and Cholos, anxEducation can only be accomious for per capita payments,
plished if an effort is made to
represent a threat to on-reserreach the Cholo-people and to
vation development. And ln some
organize them.
What is your
termination battles, the same
group doing to accomplish this
alliance or off-reservation lndigoal?
History
By Lehman L. Brightman
The American Indians are the
most deprived, uneducated, poverty stricken race In the United
States. And the shocking iJ)8-rt of
this statement is that there is no
healthy out-look for these social
Ills in the near future. The unemployment rates sometimes reach
as high as 75 per cent on some
reservations, with the median
famtly income under $1, 500,
coupled with sub-standard housing that is 90 per cent below
acceptable standards, and the average age of death at 42 years
compared to an average of 62 for
the general population.
The health problems are equally as bad, with gastroenteric
deaths five ti mes the national rate
tuberculosis death rates are five
times higher among Indians and
seven times higher among Alaska
natives; the infant death rate is
almost double that of the general
population; i~uenza and pneumonia are twice as high among
Indians and three times as high
among Alaska natives. There are
also some plseases that are almost unheard of in the general
society, but they are still prevalent among Indians, such as
•Trachoma," an eye disease that
still strikes many Indians and
causes blindness if it isn't caught
in time.(l)
These grim facts are deeply
disturbing and properly so, but
what can be done to break the cycle of poverty, ill health and lack
of education? This is a question
that only the Federal Government
can answer , and it's about time,
because contrary lo public opinion induced by authors such as
Zane Grey in his •vanishing
American." the Indians are growing in population (06 per cent
from l!l50 to H>60). or course this
growth in population is the only
department that the Indians are
leading, because they are at the
bottom of the totem pole in all
other departments ....
Indians are disabled IJy the lowest incomes, largest families,
lowest occupalional status, highest unemployment rates, and the
least adequate e·ducational training. And to top of! this pathetic
array of social ills, the discri m ination that
surrounds most
Indian communities and res;rvations effectively blocks off most
attempts at good jobs and adequate housing .(2)
As • forgotten Americans" who
have been most effectively debarred from benefits of justice and
democracy in their country, lndiians also are the victims of military conquest (which ended barely 50 years ago) and systematic
and repress! ve colonialization
(which continues to the present).
The American Indians are still
dependent upon the Bureau of
Indian Affairs on reservations
and in Indian communities for
matters large and small, plus the
broad authority of the Secretary
of Interior is still the supreme.
•The Great White Father in
Washington."
This harsh profile of poverty
and deprivation is hard to believe
in present day America, with all
the anti-poverty programs we
have to eliminate poverty, and
especially so in our •Great Society• as President Johnson has
so named this golden era.
(1) Howard A. Rush, • A Profile
of Poverty," San. Francisco Examinor and Chronicle (Dec. 11,
1966).
(2) Statement of Senator Robert
F. Kennedy as quoted in • American Indian Proposal for a PreVocational Training
Project.
Oakland, Oakland Arnericanlndian Assocaition, (1968), p.4 .
\
Red Shirl
An Indian Lollabye
the heritage that was the root
By Leonard Smith
Once upon a time in a narrow cause of the savagery. They atvillage called Fresno (a small tempted to force-feed you on a
segment of a vast utopia called diet of christian ethics and only
the United States of the Ameri- asked in return that you periodcans) a white man in a black suit ically don feathers and beads and
and very tide shoes walked into perform for them. For your land
the cultural hub of the village. they generously offered the opThls hub was enshrined the portunity to become a full-fledged
Greyhound Bus Termrnal, a symswimmer in the mainstream of
bolic reminder of sleek interwhite hawk life. A more than !air
village unity. He found an empty
exchange. . • . The white Hawk
seat near a red man with very
being superior philosophers and
untidy feet. The white man spoke,
very progressive individuals
"I chose to sit next to you because
soon· realized that history was
you . are a free running antelope.
always plotting against them. In
History books have taugtit me
order to redefine the past and
this; you are a part of the wild
control the future, they decided
animals who provided consistent
that all inhabitants of this land
danger to the ci vili zi~g processes
would have to be molderi into very
of the invading white hawks. But
similar patterns. Having fied rewhy are you still an antelope?
ligious persecution, they im medSurely the laws passed by the
iately set out to initiate a new
rulers of the white hawk crusades
system, and, although it resemhad but one goal: to make you as
bles very much the same persehuman as themselves. They even
cution that they fled from, it is
kidnapped your offspring at a tenmuch :n0re fatherly and benevoder age to save them from your
lent. U11less you Indians get off
wild animal influence and transyour asses, there is no place for
ported them to government
you in your lc'1d. After all, equalboarding schools to make the ity is sameness, and you fiave not
transition
more expitidious. yet become the same. Don't you
understand that the salvation of
They knew from divine providence that your culture was a your people lies in the valley of
primitive savage experience and Middle Class? Let us help you
it was their burden to save the · find the path to the real man. He
young and eventually exterminate is white, protestant, healthy, am-
bilious, earnest. a man whom the
lord smiles upon by increasing
the fruits of hislabor.Ifyoucan't
quite reach our image but have
really tried, our leaders will
compensate you with welfare and
this shall be fairly distributed in
proportion to your resemblance
to us.
"We have a system of government unmatched in the civilized
world. A two party system. The
Elephantians and theJackals. The
Elephantians are the personification of our puritan virtues. It is
our religion of progress and respectability. A cherished sect of
patriots who run on apple pie and
peanut butter. Horatio Algers who
can instatntly step into a phone
booth at the first hint of dissent
and emerge in red, white and blue
underwear and crush the wildeyed rebels. The Elephantians
are ultra-dedicated. Evidence
their ability to lose e1ect1011"
rather than depart from their
doctrines.
"The Jackals on the other hand
are the special interest party.
Creators of farm subsidies, oil
depletion allowances, tariffs and
large ineffectual development al- _
large, ineffectual development
projects. One of the greatest accomplishments of the Jackals is
their creation o! aclassofpeople
called "poor ," which they immediately institutionalized. This
made escape from this compartment almost impossible. And remember the leaders of both these
parties are well-versed inlndian
affairs as evidenced by their
willingness to hire Indian gardeners and their superb collections
of Hopi Kachina dons.
"With all of these virtues in our
system. we offer you an open invitation to join us to become us.
Why are yo'1 still dilly-dallying?
Remember ·white is might, and
might is right!
"To show that our government
is looking out for unfortunates
and socially deprived, I, myself,
have been appointed as a special
agent ot Indian affairs and arn
presently on my way to straighten out the affairs of a nearby reservation. As you see by my knowledge of Indian ways, no one more
qualified could have been appointed. I'm certain that somewhere
in my past one of my intrepid
pioneer fore fathers must have
been linked with a young Cherokee
princess, and therefore, I am
part antelope myself."
Thereby turning to his red
brother for response, he noticed
Running Antelope was in a dead
sleep.
EDITORIAL
In the past two weeks there has been considerable t lk b
a a out and
otest to the recent d eve I opments on campus. I'm sure
r
P
h
d · · t t'
you are also
are that t e a m1n1s ra ,on has refused to act o th·
.
aW
n 1s crucial
problem.
.
.
Many of you have the 1mpress1onthatthis is J·ust "anoth
.
.
,
er minority
problem". Well, I ve got _new_s for you; this is not a racial problem
or a problem of the minority student themselves, but a problem
relevant to every st.u?ent at F.S.C, This is one time you can't hide
behind that old fam ii 1ar excuse, "'It doesn't pertain td
h
.
I d?" Th
.
me, so w y
should I get invo ve .
ere 1s no escaping the fact that th
.
11
d
·
t·f·
ose
men
who were uneth ,ca Y an unJus , ,ably dismissed from their ad .
.
.
.
m1nistrative po~ t s, were n~t d 1sn:1ssed ,n accordance with •what the
general publ 1c and al umm want. I cannot stand by in idleness as two
men, who for so long acted on what was always beneficial to th
campus ~re casually "shoved" ~s.ide, We must continue to exp res:
our opinions and show the administration that we do not agree 'th
.. t rat·ive c hanges " , but most important of all, I agree WI
its •adm1n1s
with
those who have already stressed this point, we must not let this
problem die down.
I know many of you have been disturbed by the Chicano edition
of the Daily ~ollegian,_ b~\ it is our tool of information, our only
means of tel I rng how it Is. ~ead our I iterature, our poems, our
opinions and even look at the pictures, because through these channels we are telling it I ike it is, nothing more, nothing less.
-Guadalupe De Le Cruz
Ortega Will Seek lo Unseat Burns·
-FRESNO BEE, Monday
November 10, 1969
Jack Ortega, for the past three
yea_rs the lobbyist in Sacramento
for the Mexican-American Political Association, said yesterday
he will be a Democratic candidate next year for the State Sen'--3.te seat held now by Hugh M.
Burns of Fresno.
And Assemblyman George N.
zenovich has come as close as
he has yet to a statement that
he may seek re-election to his
present post, rather than try to
move over to the Senate in next
year's elections.
Zenovich, the chairman of the
Assembly Democratic Caucus,
said he still is thinking about the
possibility of running for the Senate if Burns decides to retire,
but he said he faces a" dilemma"
because of his leadership position in the lower house,
•1 would prefer, frankly, for
the next two years to stay in the
Assembly," said zenovich. •1
want the party to hold on to the
seats they have and try to pick
up a couple of more next year."
He said he would stay out of
any primary election fight involving Burns and Ortega. He has
said frequently that he would not
run for the Senate nomination
against Burns.
In announcing his decision to
run against Burns-it, indeed,
Burns does run-Orteta said:
•Burns isn't a Democrat. He
has stangled more social legislation in the Senate than Adolf Hitler. I think he's a racist. He has
'llone nothing for farm labor and
represents only the agricultural
special interests."
Unruh Support?
Ortega said he thinks Assembly
Minority Leader Jess Unruh, who
hopes to be the Democratic gubernatorial nominee next year,
may support him in a bid against
Burns.
_ He noted Unruh has pledged
himself to support minority candidates for legislative offices and
quoted Unruh as saying, "I '11 support anybody against Burns." An
Unruh aide, however, said Unruh
gave Ortega no specific pledge of
support.
The 39-year-old Ortega said
Wallace D. _Henderson, also an
ann~nced candidate for Burns'
job -wHI not support the grape
boycott. "He says he is neutral,"
s_a id Ortega.
Ortega, of course, is a solid
supporter of the boycott and could
be expected to make it a principal is[ue in a campaign.
Yesterday, in a brief speech
to the Democrat's "Project '70
Conference" in the Convention
Center, Ortega called upon members of his party to "stop supporting psuedo Democrats who
have prostituted our party." He
left no doubt he was referring
to Burns.
Halloween Is For
Children Everywhere
To an eight-year-old child, his
most important events occur during the most exciting days of his
young life.
One such - exciting day came
true on the evening of October 31
when the "real" Halloween atmosphere was seen by hundreds
of children on the westside of
Fresno. The ghostly action took
place at St. Alphonsus' Catholic
Church where the •Adelitas" or:..
ganization of Fresno State sponsored what might be considered
the "frightfullest" Halloween
party ever held.
The children, although some-
what stunned by all the happenings, managed to secure enough
candy and treats to extremely
fulfill their needs, while at the
same time playing games gun by
the wierdest-looking characters
in town.
The overall Halloween picture
was a tremendous success. All
the thanks go to the powerful
"Adelita" group who made one
extra effort to the not-so-luclcy
children of the westside; a contribution to humanity•
To be a child comes only once
in a lifetime; and to content his
feelings means the world. On
October 31st they were contented.
land Grab And Dispersal Foreter
Plans by the state and federal
governments to construct a series of dams in the mountain
valleys of Northern California
are threatening to flood many
of the area's Indians out of their
homes and drive them from what
little land has not already been
stolen from them by the white
man.
The first of these projects, for
which preparations have already
begun, will be located at Dos
Rios in Mendocino County and
if completed will totally inundate
the Round Valley Indian Reservation, forcing evacuation of the
~50 Native American residents.
This. however, is but the latest
in a series of injustices which
these people have had to suffer,
dating back to the 1850's when
the United States Army rounded
up 2,000 Indians from throughout the surrounding area and
herded them into the valley in
order to make room tor prospectors and settlers during the
famous California Gold Rush.
In 1858 part of the valley
was made into an Indian Res rvation by President Buchanan,
but this did not prevent white
squatters from settling there illegally. Congress then authorized the allocation of funds with
which to buy out these trespassers, and the settlers gladly accepted the money but still refused to leave.
They took advantage of a California law permitting whites to
indenture [ndians, and as a result many Native Americans lost
their lives. In 1861 the settlers
conjured up the "Mendocino Indian War" which even the
government recognized and condemned as nothing more than an
excuse to kill Indians, but nothing was done to stop it. Incidents like the ambush of a group
of Indians aod murder of 22 or
them by a band of whites in
August 1,862 became a common
occurrence.
In 1870 President Grant declared the entire valley and surrounding hills to be the Round
Valley Indian Reservation, and
the government made a couple
of half-hearted attempts to remove the settlers by force, but
nothing ever came of this. Then,
in 1873 Congress officially opened up the southern two-thirds
of the valley to settlement.
In 1887 the Dawes Act was
passed, permitting allocation of
reservation land to indi victual
Indian families and "surplus"
land to white settlement. This
constant encroachment on the
Indians' territory has resulted
in the reduction of tribal land
in Round Valley from over 102,
000 acres in the 1870's to 12,
000 acres today, plus about 7,
000 acres owned by individual
Indian families. And now the
government wants to flood the
Indians out of even that.
The dam was nrst proposed
for the purpose of flood control. However, it was pointed
out that only 17 percent or the
Eel River lies above the prop6sed site and that the main
source of the flood waters would
thus be unaffected. Proponents
of the project then decided that
its maJor purpose is to create
a recreation area and to provide water for Southern California.
Yet, according to 'or man
Whipple, president of the Round
Valley Indian Tribal Council whci
g ve an informal interview to
reporters, the channeling of
water from the lake in sufficiently large quantiti s to make it
worthwhile from th
point of
view of the people in Southern
California would probably ere te
vast mud flats around th entire
shore llne which would be very
ugly and make the area rather
unattractl ve a a recreation area.
Moreover, the area is one or the
best, places in the country for
deer an~ bear hunting and fishing for steelhead and salmon.
The Eel is one of the few untamed r i v e r s go i n g t h rough
wilderness and semi-wilderness
areas left in the country, and
with the dam all this would be
lost to sportsmen.
The government-concerned as
ever about the welfare of the Indians who will be displacedhas offered in its infinite magnanimity to relocate the town of
Covelo and give the TribalCouncil two acres of mountain land
for each acre of valley land lost.
However, as Mr. Whipple was
quick to point out, most of this
land had already been available
to the Indians, but they chose
to "'!s ettle in the valley because
the mountain land could not provide them with a livelihood.
The situation is perhaps best
summed up by the Tribal Council's own position paper which
says, "The U.S.Army brought
more than 20 tribal e:rouos to
Round Valley between 18S0-1875,
speaking different language'? and
sometimes Wstoric enemies. The
Indians didn't ask to come there,
but now, a century later, the
survivors otthose desperate early years have adjusted to a new
Indian community. Round Valley
is the only home they have known
and the last tiny piece of California left to the people who
once enjoyed plentiful lands. Its
flooding would disperse them forever."
Upcoming
Anthology
Esttmados carnales:
This letter is to inform you that
I am collecting materials for an
anthology of Chicano literature
to be pubUshed early in 1970 by
Harper and Row. Royalties will
be paid on everything published.
As co-editor, I am hoping to
put together an anthology with social, political and spiritual content. All types and forms of Uterature wi 11 be considered:
poems, short plays, essays, short
stories, speeches, cartoons, etc.
The stress is on corazon, on
truth, on Chicanos wrlting for
Chicanos. Materials are accepted in Spanish, English, Nahuatl,
or Calo.
Please send me whatever you
have to the following address:
Chicano Anthology
P.O. Box 2302
Fresno California 93720
Everything submitted will be considered in the true spirit ofCarnalismo.
Hasta la Victoria,
Luis Valdez
Director
El Teatro Campesino
POR LA RAZA TOTO C /S
FUERA DE LA RAZA NADA.
PENA'S .
Since 1938
Specializing~·
n
CAN PASTRIES
ING & PARTY
GAMES
Phone 237-0369
1016 E. St.
'i'
UNIVERSITY OF THE PACIFIC
McGEORGE SCHOOL OF LAW
SACRAMENTO CAMPUS
THE PROGRAM OF THE SCHOOL OF LAW ENABLES STUDENTS TO BEGIN
THE STUDY OF LAW I THE SUMMER QUARTER (JUNE 1970) OR AUTUMN
QUARTER fSEPTEMBER 1970), IN EITHER THE THREE YEAR DAY OR FOUR
YEAR EVENI 'G DIVISIO . MCGEORGE OFFERS THEJURISDOCTORDEGREE.
ACCREDITED BY THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION.
0 -CA.'l\1PUS INTERVIEWS OF PROSPECTIVE LAW STUDENTS WILL BE HELD
ON TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1969 FROM 1:30 PM TO 4:30 PM, IN THE
PLACE!vfE T CE TER. CONTACT THE PLACEMENT OFFICE FOR AN
APPOI ·TMENT OR FURTHER INFORMATION.
Crazy Gypsy
Poems
by
Omar Salinas ...
f·rom his f9rthcoming book
On The Streets
It is Saturday ••• day of apples and turnips
on heavy trucks that pass my aunt's house
sleeping. My cousin is awake quibbling with
his painful back, this corner of the earth
surrenders to the anarchy of cows.
I
f
Por los caminos rusticos de la solecfacl
camino,
entristecido
sonador de las estrellas.
Manana repara mi corazon
con poes ia Nerudiana
en el abrigo
oe la ilusion.
WANT ADS
ACROS-$ FROM OORMS-Furn. 2
Br. carpeted, a/cond. $160 or
share with 3 men $45. 439-6481 . ,
'69 Volkswagen Sedan, low mi.,
still in warranty, vinyl uphol .,
R/H, Air Cond., 1222 W. Sierra
Madre, 1 blk so. of Shaw & West.
For Sale - Lange Standard ski
boots, Rossignol Strato skis.
Phone 224-6684.
By George 01 veda
Habia dos rancheros que criaban puercos en los ranchos de cada
uno. Cuando empesaron a hablar de los puercos.
Ranchero #1 : Yo tenqo una puerca que ningun puerco se la ha podido
seducir.
Ranchero #2: Yo tengo un puerco quc cs chingon para seducir
pucrcas.
#1 : Porque no me lo presta? Para que sedusca a mi
puerca.
Luego fucron los ranchcros aver al puerco.
#1 : Cual es el puerco quc es muy chingon para seducir
pucrcac;?
lf2 : Cse cs.
#1 : Esc csta muy chiquito para mi puerca tan grande,
#2: Pues si no alcansa le poncmos un banquito.
Cauan<lo llcvaron al porquito con la puerca, no ocurria nada. Cuando
#1 le clicc a "2;
#1 : No aue Sl1 pucrco era muv chingon para seduci r
puerca'>.
Cuando voltea cl Pl• rQL1ito v fee; dice a los dos ranchf!ros;
Pucrquito: Yo sicndo d r r.ho como chingado auiercn aue me
la Joda, si ticnc la ro ca al revcz.
i
ii
A ommittee of Chicano students from F.S.C. went to Merced
Junior College on Monday, November 3. Three days later this
committee traveled to the College or Sequoias in Visalia. The
Committee is called the MECI-IA
Rural Education Committee. Its
chairman is Jorge Leos, a graduate student.
The committee is comprised of
students ranging from freshmen
to administration. I ts purpose is
to inform other Chicanos in such
organizations as MECHA about
educational opportunities and the
concept of La Raza. As these
areas are distant, these students
financed their own transportation
costs. Many thanks to those students who have sacrificed their
time and efforts. It is encouraging to see young Chicanos devoted
to producing organization and
therefore social progress for
their carnales. As we allknow. if
we don't educate our people the
Anglo will deny it.
At Merced J.C. the committee
was greeted by approximately 30
Chicanos. Their organization is
Hey my Fairest,
why does the face of love I iness
suddenly have a dark shado
of mystery?
W
Have I misused
Y?ur Heart of Gold or is it
simply a wall of meditat ion
that surrounds you?
-Manuel Fernandez
i Precious!
It had been so long since I had
seen him and there I was with
him again. All alone, just he and
I. We began talking about general
, things and then silence filled the
air. We both muttered a few
more words to break the silence
but silence soon crept upon u~
once more, I looked down trying
to avoid looking into his eyes,
He I ifted my chin with his firm
but gent I e hand and I waited·
unwil I ingly though. He pulled
close to him and this time the
most beautiful thing happened. I
felt it from head to toe, mywhole
body ful I of joy, happiness, and
warmth. His gentle kiss seemed
to last forever.
When the precious moment had
passed, it wasn't forawhileafter
I opened my eyes, that I began
to hear the familiar surroundi ng
sounds of the passing traffic. It
was as if by opening my eyes, I
had re-entered the real world
again.
The joy was still jumping in
my whole body. It was a· beautiful kind of joyness. I felt as
though the whole world had been
spinning and I along with it. The
most wonderful feeling was that
the dizziness had never come
close to me, yet, I stil I felt the
spinning sensation. Strange? No,
I don't think so. That moment,
that precious moment had been
blessed, I know, by the Heavens
above. Our lives began with the
descent
of the sun and we
walked on together.
m;
Chicano Education
Committee Progresses
Por Mi Patria Chica
La Soledad·
amorosos
como un panal de lunas
Las Chicanas of Fresno State
College are planning to attend the
Farmworker's Fiesta in Delano
Novermber 22. Also in the brew
are exciting, intriguing, stimulating, vibrating, relaxing, and
heavy intellectual and social happenings (What else can I say?).
Also in the last stages o! development are projective plans for a
good-time hour. All this will be
revealed at the Adelita meeting
on Wednesday, November 19 at
noon. So Chicanas get yourselves
together and make it to this important meeting. Don't be left out
in the dark by not attending this
heavy •junta." The place or the
meeting will be posted around
campus- look around (!or the
Brown)- -Catch you all later.
El Puerquito Jodon
let all anguish be futile
tomorrow it will rain
and the hills of Viet Nam
resume /the sacrifice is not over
la mujer
y pen.samientos,
Oh Happy
Day
We are off to see the movies and the flesh
of night is torn into smal I, I ittle children
as angels eat breaded clouds and spiders
tel I stories to the rabbits of the neighborhood.
comes home
his beloved country
gives homage
and mothers asleep
in cardboard houses
pedazos de nubes
a mi lado
You made your move
and caught the wor Id
by your nostrils
and escaped half god
demo! ished
Saturday
Bereavements are over
the wedding takes place
the little girls dream of insomnia
the giant circus and angels
gather on the streets
I ike apostrophes
come to impregnate the earth with trouble.
listen
fighting men tarnish the ground
death has whispered
·
tales to the young
and now choir boys are ringing
bells
another sacrifice for America
a Mexican
sky
sad and brave
your descendants
drinking peuote
Your fingers dig into clouds
as memory burns
and you embrace your land
and disappear
into the vapor
of dream
It is June and my mother is awake
the flowers in the disheveled garden
are praying
and the priests of the parish are studying
geometry
my good father is selling soap to the rich
and the mad doctors have no one to talk to.
the ears of strangers
You lunged and caught fire
flowers falling from a disenchanted
You appear in our nightmares
On the darkened streets of starving women and
uni it doorways
where riddles and children are thrown together
worms, dogs, cats meander the trash
of the rich
unspent hours spinning webs
and mathematical books l aying drunk
on U~bles
The aristocratic moon peeps in for a look
what stars there are 1sold in candy stores
and the I iquor of spiders
goes drifting through the rain.
Death In Vietnam
Quetzalcoatle
called CSU (Chicano Student Union). At C.O.S. their organization
. is called UMAS (United Mexican
American Students). They have
approximately 90-100 membership. Although thebP. organizations are re 1 at i v e 1 y new they
showed much enthusiasm tor La
Raza. Our reception was well
received and we were urgently
invited to return.
Next week the committee wlll
go to Reedley J.C. and it is open
to any Chicano student who is
interested and truly committed
to La Causa.
L A
V I V A
RAZ A'.
SPECIALS
WHITE, NA VY & STRIPES
BELL BOTTOM
TROUSERS
349
only
up
STA PREST PANTS
WHILE
THEY
LAST!!
395
Reg.
12.95
& up
AIR FORCE
SUN
GLASSES
229
NAVY
895
PEA .COATS'
& up
LOU'S BARBERS
\IE:\'
11:\IUST\Ll'.'.G
The Method Prc.>!erred by
Hollywood Cc.>lebrities
Shaw-\\cst Shopping f'enter
Haircuts S'.!.50 12 & und4n $2 . 00
NAVY SHIRTS
_ALL
SIZES
195
Sat. S2 . 25
Ph. 222-99-15
LUPE'S
11
~~\~·
2087 W. Shaw
UPHOLSTERY
Automobile & Fumiturl"
5225 ~. ~larket Street
:\. Fresno
268-6988
Open 6 Days a Week
RENEWAL BODY WORKS
Collision Repair - Brake Sf"T\"ice
Wheel Alignment - Au to Painting
24 Hour Towing S.-rvicf"
G.I.
FATIGUE
JACKETS
G.I. FIELD
JACKETS
1so
495
Most complete stock of
Jackets - and sizes in
the Valley.
711 E. Shaw
Nites:291-3188 Clovis. Calif.
Da;\·s: 299-2116
Para que Vd. tome agusto
y contento
las
MARACA'S CAFE
el lugar preferido para familiar
5345 ~ - Motel Dr .
(Old Hwy. 9Q)
237-9755
602 Broadway
237-3615
FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
Daily
Collegian
LXXV /44 .
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1969
Cholos, Psychological
No-Man's Land
Jack D. Forbes, University
of California, Davis
Throughout the Americas there
are from 50 and 70 million people who in the past have been
called all kinds of names, most
of them bad ones. They have
been called Mestizos, HalfBreeds, Half-Bloods, Metis, Ladinos, Coyotes, and just plain
"Breeds." All of these names
are either derogatory or are
general names which can be applied to any kind of person . of
, mixed race (for example, a Chinese-Filipino person is a "Mestizo" in the Philippines).
Only one Native American Indian-has ever been widely used
for Indian-White mixed-bloods
and that is "Cholo." Cholo
refers only to Indian-White mixed-bloods and not to other kinds
of mixtures. It is a unique, old
Indian word. It is still used
today from Mexico to Peru as
a synonym for Mestizo and also
to refer to an Indian who has
taken up European ways to some
degree. For example, an Indian
woman who becomes a merchant
and who begins wearing semi. white clothing comes to be thought
of as a Cholo. That is, her cul-ture or way of life has become
mixed and she is no longer completely accepted by traditional
Indian people.
So in the Americas today we
have two kinds of Cholos, those
who are physicall}' of mixed-race
and those who are all-Indian by
blood but of mixed culture. In
many ways these two kinds of
people are the same. since they
are •in-between" people. They
belong fully to neither the Indian Community or to tl)e nonIndian Community, and thatisthe
fate of the Cholo, to be pulled
back and forth by conflicting desires and to be pushed back and ·
forth by confiicting forces.
1
In the United States and Canada most true Cholos (those of
mixed race) have either moved
in with the White population, or,
if living on a reservation, have
tended to identify with white values and culture. Some Cholos
have managed to throw off any
split personality and have
become all-Indian in their
identity, especially in areas such
as California or Eastern Oklahoma where most members of
Indian tribes are o! mixed race.
But on many reservations Cholos
never cease to be "breeds• becuase the "Full-Bloods" will not
ac·cept them or because it is financially rewarding to_move in a
White directions.
Nowadays, many Cholos have
made a decision to be Indian
and they are trying their best
to work in the Indian liberation
st rug g 1 e . But many thousands
(perhaps millions) of Cholos of
predominantly White ancestry
continue to live in a "psychological no-man's land," being neither white nor Indian. No Cholo
can really be a white man, no
matter how small the degree of
Indian ancestry, because he
knows in his heart that he cannot erase the blood of his Indian ancestors shed by his white
anr,estors. He knows also that
the racism of Whites still condemns his Indian ancestry even
while occassionally being romantic about it.
How can these thousands or
millions of Cholos be given a
role in the Indian liberation
struggle? How can they be given
an opportunity to rediscover their
Indian heritage?
Many outstanding Indian leaders of the past were Cholos
(John Ross of the Cherokees
was only 1/8 Cherokee by blood).
Many outstanding freedom-fightIn Canada some Cholos belong
ers such as Henry Berry Lowto Indian tribes but the majority
rie of North Carolina and Tiare either unorganized or belong
burcio Vasquez of California
to the many local and regional
were Cholos. But at the same
"Metls" organizations.
time there were sell-out Cholos
In both the U.S. and Canada
such as McIntosh of the Creeks
those Cholos who do not belong
and LeFlore of the Choctaws.
to tribes represent an important
In the United States mos Chogroups for organizing purposes
los do not belong to any organexpecially from the Indian viewized groups , except for the Mexpoint. Having Indian blood as
ican-American people (a 11 of
they do, Cholos can be expected
whom are either Cholos or Into generally be more sympathetic
dians by race) and certain groups
to the needs of the Indian libwho belong to Indian tribes comeration struggle, oncer they are
posed entirely (or almost enmade aware of the facts. We
tirely) of mixed bloods (such as
all know that there are not enough
th~ Lumbees of North Carolina
tribal members in the U.S. (probor the Cherokees of Oklahoma).
ably less than 600,000 and this
Most Cholos are unorganized,
includes at least 300,000 Cholos
whether English-speaking, Spanwho are members of the tribes)
ish-speaking, or French-speakto build up any great degree of
ing.
political pressure. But with the
ans and Cholos sometimes seek
act! ve help of 5 to 1O million to divide up and sell the reserCholos, Indians can build up as
vation (as at Klamath Lake and
Colville.)
much pressure as the Black poWhen Cholos (and oll-reservapulation can muster.
tlon Indians) behave in an antiBut can Cholos be organized
and can Indians learn to work
Indian manner it ls usually due
with, and accept, Cholo collato ignorance or to poverty, both
boration? We should not deceive
results of colonialism. Cholos
ourselves about the past history
who are liberated from white
of Cholo-Indian rivalry and anmis-education and who undertagonism, fostered by white racstand the total Cholo-Indian inism and colonialist "divide and
terest in long-range economic
conquer "techniques. Also we
development will not be fooled
should not forget that in many
by Claims Case lawyers and
"Claims Cases" the off-reser- ' BIA term.inationists.
vation Indians and Cholos, anxEducation can only be accomious for per capita payments,
plished if an effort is made to
represent a threat to on-reserreach the Cholo-people and to
vation development. And ln some
organize them.
What is your
termination battles, the same
group doing to accomplish this
alliance or off-reservation lndigoal?
History
By Lehman L. Brightman
The American Indians are the
most deprived, uneducated, poverty stricken race In the United
States. And the shocking iJ)8-rt of
this statement is that there is no
healthy out-look for these social
Ills in the near future. The unemployment rates sometimes reach
as high as 75 per cent on some
reservations, with the median
famtly income under $1, 500,
coupled with sub-standard housing that is 90 per cent below
acceptable standards, and the average age of death at 42 years
compared to an average of 62 for
the general population.
The health problems are equally as bad, with gastroenteric
deaths five ti mes the national rate
tuberculosis death rates are five
times higher among Indians and
seven times higher among Alaska
natives; the infant death rate is
almost double that of the general
population; i~uenza and pneumonia are twice as high among
Indians and three times as high
among Alaska natives. There are
also some plseases that are almost unheard of in the general
society, but they are still prevalent among Indians, such as
•Trachoma," an eye disease that
still strikes many Indians and
causes blindness if it isn't caught
in time.(l)
These grim facts are deeply
disturbing and properly so, but
what can be done to break the cycle of poverty, ill health and lack
of education? This is a question
that only the Federal Government
can answer , and it's about time,
because contrary lo public opinion induced by authors such as
Zane Grey in his •vanishing
American." the Indians are growing in population (06 per cent
from l!l50 to H>60). or course this
growth in population is the only
department that the Indians are
leading, because they are at the
bottom of the totem pole in all
other departments ....
Indians are disabled IJy the lowest incomes, largest families,
lowest occupalional status, highest unemployment rates, and the
least adequate e·ducational training. And to top of! this pathetic
array of social ills, the discri m ination that
surrounds most
Indian communities and res;rvations effectively blocks off most
attempts at good jobs and adequate housing .(2)
As • forgotten Americans" who
have been most effectively debarred from benefits of justice and
democracy in their country, lndiians also are the victims of military conquest (which ended barely 50 years ago) and systematic
and repress! ve colonialization
(which continues to the present).
The American Indians are still
dependent upon the Bureau of
Indian Affairs on reservations
and in Indian communities for
matters large and small, plus the
broad authority of the Secretary
of Interior is still the supreme.
•The Great White Father in
Washington."
This harsh profile of poverty
and deprivation is hard to believe
in present day America, with all
the anti-poverty programs we
have to eliminate poverty, and
especially so in our •Great Society• as President Johnson has
so named this golden era.
(1) Howard A. Rush, • A Profile
of Poverty," San. Francisco Examinor and Chronicle (Dec. 11,
1966).
(2) Statement of Senator Robert
F. Kennedy as quoted in • American Indian Proposal for a PreVocational Training
Project.
Oakland, Oakland Arnericanlndian Assocaition, (1968), p.4 .
\
Red Shirl
An Indian Lollabye
the heritage that was the root
By Leonard Smith
Once upon a time in a narrow cause of the savagery. They atvillage called Fresno (a small tempted to force-feed you on a
segment of a vast utopia called diet of christian ethics and only
the United States of the Ameri- asked in return that you periodcans) a white man in a black suit ically don feathers and beads and
and very tide shoes walked into perform for them. For your land
the cultural hub of the village. they generously offered the opThls hub was enshrined the portunity to become a full-fledged
Greyhound Bus Termrnal, a symswimmer in the mainstream of
bolic reminder of sleek interwhite hawk life. A more than !air
village unity. He found an empty
exchange. . • . The white Hawk
seat near a red man with very
being superior philosophers and
untidy feet. The white man spoke,
very progressive individuals
"I chose to sit next to you because
soon· realized that history was
you . are a free running antelope.
always plotting against them. In
History books have taugtit me
order to redefine the past and
this; you are a part of the wild
control the future, they decided
animals who provided consistent
that all inhabitants of this land
danger to the ci vili zi~g processes
would have to be molderi into very
of the invading white hawks. But
similar patterns. Having fied rewhy are you still an antelope?
ligious persecution, they im medSurely the laws passed by the
iately set out to initiate a new
rulers of the white hawk crusades
system, and, although it resemhad but one goal: to make you as
bles very much the same persehuman as themselves. They even
cution that they fled from, it is
kidnapped your offspring at a tenmuch :n0re fatherly and benevoder age to save them from your
lent. U11less you Indians get off
wild animal influence and transyour asses, there is no place for
ported them to government
you in your lc'1d. After all, equalboarding schools to make the ity is sameness, and you fiave not
transition
more expitidious. yet become the same. Don't you
understand that the salvation of
They knew from divine providence that your culture was a your people lies in the valley of
primitive savage experience and Middle Class? Let us help you
it was their burden to save the · find the path to the real man. He
young and eventually exterminate is white, protestant, healthy, am-
bilious, earnest. a man whom the
lord smiles upon by increasing
the fruits of hislabor.Ifyoucan't
quite reach our image but have
really tried, our leaders will
compensate you with welfare and
this shall be fairly distributed in
proportion to your resemblance
to us.
"We have a system of government unmatched in the civilized
world. A two party system. The
Elephantians and theJackals. The
Elephantians are the personification of our puritan virtues. It is
our religion of progress and respectability. A cherished sect of
patriots who run on apple pie and
peanut butter. Horatio Algers who
can instatntly step into a phone
booth at the first hint of dissent
and emerge in red, white and blue
underwear and crush the wildeyed rebels. The Elephantians
are ultra-dedicated. Evidence
their ability to lose e1ect1011"
rather than depart from their
doctrines.
"The Jackals on the other hand
are the special interest party.
Creators of farm subsidies, oil
depletion allowances, tariffs and
large ineffectual development al- _
large, ineffectual development
projects. One of the greatest accomplishments of the Jackals is
their creation o! aclassofpeople
called "poor ," which they immediately institutionalized. This
made escape from this compartment almost impossible. And remember the leaders of both these
parties are well-versed inlndian
affairs as evidenced by their
willingness to hire Indian gardeners and their superb collections
of Hopi Kachina dons.
"With all of these virtues in our
system. we offer you an open invitation to join us to become us.
Why are yo'1 still dilly-dallying?
Remember ·white is might, and
might is right!
"To show that our government
is looking out for unfortunates
and socially deprived, I, myself,
have been appointed as a special
agent ot Indian affairs and arn
presently on my way to straighten out the affairs of a nearby reservation. As you see by my knowledge of Indian ways, no one more
qualified could have been appointed. I'm certain that somewhere
in my past one of my intrepid
pioneer fore fathers must have
been linked with a young Cherokee
princess, and therefore, I am
part antelope myself."
Thereby turning to his red
brother for response, he noticed
Running Antelope was in a dead
sleep.
EDITORIAL
In the past two weeks there has been considerable t lk b
a a out and
otest to the recent d eve I opments on campus. I'm sure
r
P
h
d · · t t'
you are also
are that t e a m1n1s ra ,on has refused to act o th·
.
aW
n 1s crucial
problem.
.
.
Many of you have the 1mpress1onthatthis is J·ust "anoth
.
.
,
er minority
problem". Well, I ve got _new_s for you; this is not a racial problem
or a problem of the minority student themselves, but a problem
relevant to every st.u?ent at F.S.C, This is one time you can't hide
behind that old fam ii 1ar excuse, "'It doesn't pertain td
h
.
I d?" Th
.
me, so w y
should I get invo ve .
ere 1s no escaping the fact that th
.
11
d
·
t·f·
ose
men
who were uneth ,ca Y an unJus , ,ably dismissed from their ad .
.
.
.
m1nistrative po~ t s, were n~t d 1sn:1ssed ,n accordance with •what the
general publ 1c and al umm want. I cannot stand by in idleness as two
men, who for so long acted on what was always beneficial to th
campus ~re casually "shoved" ~s.ide, We must continue to exp res:
our opinions and show the administration that we do not agree 'th
.. t rat·ive c hanges " , but most important of all, I agree WI
its •adm1n1s
with
those who have already stressed this point, we must not let this
problem die down.
I know many of you have been disturbed by the Chicano edition
of the Daily ~ollegian,_ b~\ it is our tool of information, our only
means of tel I rng how it Is. ~ead our I iterature, our poems, our
opinions and even look at the pictures, because through these channels we are telling it I ike it is, nothing more, nothing less.
-Guadalupe De Le Cruz
Ortega Will Seek lo Unseat Burns·
-FRESNO BEE, Monday
November 10, 1969
Jack Ortega, for the past three
yea_rs the lobbyist in Sacramento
for the Mexican-American Political Association, said yesterday
he will be a Democratic candidate next year for the State Sen'--3.te seat held now by Hugh M.
Burns of Fresno.
And Assemblyman George N.
zenovich has come as close as
he has yet to a statement that
he may seek re-election to his
present post, rather than try to
move over to the Senate in next
year's elections.
Zenovich, the chairman of the
Assembly Democratic Caucus,
said he still is thinking about the
possibility of running for the Senate if Burns decides to retire,
but he said he faces a" dilemma"
because of his leadership position in the lower house,
•1 would prefer, frankly, for
the next two years to stay in the
Assembly," said zenovich. •1
want the party to hold on to the
seats they have and try to pick
up a couple of more next year."
He said he would stay out of
any primary election fight involving Burns and Ortega. He has
said frequently that he would not
run for the Senate nomination
against Burns.
In announcing his decision to
run against Burns-it, indeed,
Burns does run-Orteta said:
•Burns isn't a Democrat. He
has stangled more social legislation in the Senate than Adolf Hitler. I think he's a racist. He has
'llone nothing for farm labor and
represents only the agricultural
special interests."
Unruh Support?
Ortega said he thinks Assembly
Minority Leader Jess Unruh, who
hopes to be the Democratic gubernatorial nominee next year,
may support him in a bid against
Burns.
_ He noted Unruh has pledged
himself to support minority candidates for legislative offices and
quoted Unruh as saying, "I '11 support anybody against Burns." An
Unruh aide, however, said Unruh
gave Ortega no specific pledge of
support.
The 39-year-old Ortega said
Wallace D. _Henderson, also an
ann~nced candidate for Burns'
job -wHI not support the grape
boycott. "He says he is neutral,"
s_a id Ortega.
Ortega, of course, is a solid
supporter of the boycott and could
be expected to make it a principal is[ue in a campaign.
Yesterday, in a brief speech
to the Democrat's "Project '70
Conference" in the Convention
Center, Ortega called upon members of his party to "stop supporting psuedo Democrats who
have prostituted our party." He
left no doubt he was referring
to Burns.
Halloween Is For
Children Everywhere
To an eight-year-old child, his
most important events occur during the most exciting days of his
young life.
One such - exciting day came
true on the evening of October 31
when the "real" Halloween atmosphere was seen by hundreds
of children on the westside of
Fresno. The ghostly action took
place at St. Alphonsus' Catholic
Church where the •Adelitas" or:..
ganization of Fresno State sponsored what might be considered
the "frightfullest" Halloween
party ever held.
The children, although some-
what stunned by all the happenings, managed to secure enough
candy and treats to extremely
fulfill their needs, while at the
same time playing games gun by
the wierdest-looking characters
in town.
The overall Halloween picture
was a tremendous success. All
the thanks go to the powerful
"Adelita" group who made one
extra effort to the not-so-luclcy
children of the westside; a contribution to humanity•
To be a child comes only once
in a lifetime; and to content his
feelings means the world. On
October 31st they were contented.
land Grab And Dispersal Foreter
Plans by the state and federal
governments to construct a series of dams in the mountain
valleys of Northern California
are threatening to flood many
of the area's Indians out of their
homes and drive them from what
little land has not already been
stolen from them by the white
man.
The first of these projects, for
which preparations have already
begun, will be located at Dos
Rios in Mendocino County and
if completed will totally inundate
the Round Valley Indian Reservation, forcing evacuation of the
~50 Native American residents.
This. however, is but the latest
in a series of injustices which
these people have had to suffer,
dating back to the 1850's when
the United States Army rounded
up 2,000 Indians from throughout the surrounding area and
herded them into the valley in
order to make room tor prospectors and settlers during the
famous California Gold Rush.
In 1858 part of the valley
was made into an Indian Res rvation by President Buchanan,
but this did not prevent white
squatters from settling there illegally. Congress then authorized the allocation of funds with
which to buy out these trespassers, and the settlers gladly accepted the money but still refused to leave.
They took advantage of a California law permitting whites to
indenture [ndians, and as a result many Native Americans lost
their lives. In 1861 the settlers
conjured up the "Mendocino Indian War" which even the
government recognized and condemned as nothing more than an
excuse to kill Indians, but nothing was done to stop it. Incidents like the ambush of a group
of Indians aod murder of 22 or
them by a band of whites in
August 1,862 became a common
occurrence.
In 1870 President Grant declared the entire valley and surrounding hills to be the Round
Valley Indian Reservation, and
the government made a couple
of half-hearted attempts to remove the settlers by force, but
nothing ever came of this. Then,
in 1873 Congress officially opened up the southern two-thirds
of the valley to settlement.
In 1887 the Dawes Act was
passed, permitting allocation of
reservation land to indi victual
Indian families and "surplus"
land to white settlement. This
constant encroachment on the
Indians' territory has resulted
in the reduction of tribal land
in Round Valley from over 102,
000 acres in the 1870's to 12,
000 acres today, plus about 7,
000 acres owned by individual
Indian families. And now the
government wants to flood the
Indians out of even that.
The dam was nrst proposed
for the purpose of flood control. However, it was pointed
out that only 17 percent or the
Eel River lies above the prop6sed site and that the main
source of the flood waters would
thus be unaffected. Proponents
of the project then decided that
its maJor purpose is to create
a recreation area and to provide water for Southern California.
Yet, according to 'or man
Whipple, president of the Round
Valley Indian Tribal Council whci
g ve an informal interview to
reporters, the channeling of
water from the lake in sufficiently large quantiti s to make it
worthwhile from th
point of
view of the people in Southern
California would probably ere te
vast mud flats around th entire
shore llne which would be very
ugly and make the area rather
unattractl ve a a recreation area.
Moreover, the area is one or the
best, places in the country for
deer an~ bear hunting and fishing for steelhead and salmon.
The Eel is one of the few untamed r i v e r s go i n g t h rough
wilderness and semi-wilderness
areas left in the country, and
with the dam all this would be
lost to sportsmen.
The government-concerned as
ever about the welfare of the Indians who will be displacedhas offered in its infinite magnanimity to relocate the town of
Covelo and give the TribalCouncil two acres of mountain land
for each acre of valley land lost.
However, as Mr. Whipple was
quick to point out, most of this
land had already been available
to the Indians, but they chose
to "'!s ettle in the valley because
the mountain land could not provide them with a livelihood.
The situation is perhaps best
summed up by the Tribal Council's own position paper which
says, "The U.S.Army brought
more than 20 tribal e:rouos to
Round Valley between 18S0-1875,
speaking different language'? and
sometimes Wstoric enemies. The
Indians didn't ask to come there,
but now, a century later, the
survivors otthose desperate early years have adjusted to a new
Indian community. Round Valley
is the only home they have known
and the last tiny piece of California left to the people who
once enjoyed plentiful lands. Its
flooding would disperse them forever."
Upcoming
Anthology
Esttmados carnales:
This letter is to inform you that
I am collecting materials for an
anthology of Chicano literature
to be pubUshed early in 1970 by
Harper and Row. Royalties will
be paid on everything published.
As co-editor, I am hoping to
put together an anthology with social, political and spiritual content. All types and forms of Uterature wi 11 be considered:
poems, short plays, essays, short
stories, speeches, cartoons, etc.
The stress is on corazon, on
truth, on Chicanos wrlting for
Chicanos. Materials are accepted in Spanish, English, Nahuatl,
or Calo.
Please send me whatever you
have to the following address:
Chicano Anthology
P.O. Box 2302
Fresno California 93720
Everything submitted will be considered in the true spirit ofCarnalismo.
Hasta la Victoria,
Luis Valdez
Director
El Teatro Campesino
POR LA RAZA TOTO C /S
FUERA DE LA RAZA NADA.
PENA'S .
Since 1938
Specializing~·
n
CAN PASTRIES
ING & PARTY
GAMES
Phone 237-0369
1016 E. St.
'i'
UNIVERSITY OF THE PACIFIC
McGEORGE SCHOOL OF LAW
SACRAMENTO CAMPUS
THE PROGRAM OF THE SCHOOL OF LAW ENABLES STUDENTS TO BEGIN
THE STUDY OF LAW I THE SUMMER QUARTER (JUNE 1970) OR AUTUMN
QUARTER fSEPTEMBER 1970), IN EITHER THE THREE YEAR DAY OR FOUR
YEAR EVENI 'G DIVISIO . MCGEORGE OFFERS THEJURISDOCTORDEGREE.
ACCREDITED BY THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION.
0 -CA.'l\1PUS INTERVIEWS OF PROSPECTIVE LAW STUDENTS WILL BE HELD
ON TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1969 FROM 1:30 PM TO 4:30 PM, IN THE
PLACE!vfE T CE TER. CONTACT THE PLACEMENT OFFICE FOR AN
APPOI ·TMENT OR FURTHER INFORMATION.
Crazy Gypsy
Poems
by
Omar Salinas ...
f·rom his f9rthcoming book
On The Streets
It is Saturday ••• day of apples and turnips
on heavy trucks that pass my aunt's house
sleeping. My cousin is awake quibbling with
his painful back, this corner of the earth
surrenders to the anarchy of cows.
I
f
Por los caminos rusticos de la solecfacl
camino,
entristecido
sonador de las estrellas.
Manana repara mi corazon
con poes ia Nerudiana
en el abrigo
oe la ilusion.
WANT ADS
ACROS-$ FROM OORMS-Furn. 2
Br. carpeted, a/cond. $160 or
share with 3 men $45. 439-6481 . ,
'69 Volkswagen Sedan, low mi.,
still in warranty, vinyl uphol .,
R/H, Air Cond., 1222 W. Sierra
Madre, 1 blk so. of Shaw & West.
For Sale - Lange Standard ski
boots, Rossignol Strato skis.
Phone 224-6684.
By George 01 veda
Habia dos rancheros que criaban puercos en los ranchos de cada
uno. Cuando empesaron a hablar de los puercos.
Ranchero #1 : Yo tenqo una puerca que ningun puerco se la ha podido
seducir.
Ranchero #2: Yo tengo un puerco quc cs chingon para seducir
pucrcas.
#1 : Porque no me lo presta? Para que sedusca a mi
puerca.
Luego fucron los ranchcros aver al puerco.
#1 : Cual es el puerco quc es muy chingon para seducir
pucrcac;?
lf2 : Cse cs.
#1 : Esc csta muy chiquito para mi puerca tan grande,
#2: Pues si no alcansa le poncmos un banquito.
Cauan<lo llcvaron al porquito con la puerca, no ocurria nada. Cuando
#1 le clicc a "2;
#1 : No aue Sl1 pucrco era muv chingon para seduci r
puerca'>.
Cuando voltea cl Pl• rQL1ito v fee; dice a los dos ranchf!ros;
Pucrquito: Yo sicndo d r r.ho como chingado auiercn aue me
la Joda, si ticnc la ro ca al revcz.
i
ii
A ommittee of Chicano students from F.S.C. went to Merced
Junior College on Monday, November 3. Three days later this
committee traveled to the College or Sequoias in Visalia. The
Committee is called the MECI-IA
Rural Education Committee. Its
chairman is Jorge Leos, a graduate student.
The committee is comprised of
students ranging from freshmen
to administration. I ts purpose is
to inform other Chicanos in such
organizations as MECHA about
educational opportunities and the
concept of La Raza. As these
areas are distant, these students
financed their own transportation
costs. Many thanks to those students who have sacrificed their
time and efforts. It is encouraging to see young Chicanos devoted
to producing organization and
therefore social progress for
their carnales. As we allknow. if
we don't educate our people the
Anglo will deny it.
At Merced J.C. the committee
was greeted by approximately 30
Chicanos. Their organization is
Hey my Fairest,
why does the face of love I iness
suddenly have a dark shado
of mystery?
W
Have I misused
Y?ur Heart of Gold or is it
simply a wall of meditat ion
that surrounds you?
-Manuel Fernandez
i Precious!
It had been so long since I had
seen him and there I was with
him again. All alone, just he and
I. We began talking about general
, things and then silence filled the
air. We both muttered a few
more words to break the silence
but silence soon crept upon u~
once more, I looked down trying
to avoid looking into his eyes,
He I ifted my chin with his firm
but gent I e hand and I waited·
unwil I ingly though. He pulled
close to him and this time the
most beautiful thing happened. I
felt it from head to toe, mywhole
body ful I of joy, happiness, and
warmth. His gentle kiss seemed
to last forever.
When the precious moment had
passed, it wasn't forawhileafter
I opened my eyes, that I began
to hear the familiar surroundi ng
sounds of the passing traffic. It
was as if by opening my eyes, I
had re-entered the real world
again.
The joy was still jumping in
my whole body. It was a· beautiful kind of joyness. I felt as
though the whole world had been
spinning and I along with it. The
most wonderful feeling was that
the dizziness had never come
close to me, yet, I stil I felt the
spinning sensation. Strange? No,
I don't think so. That moment,
that precious moment had been
blessed, I know, by the Heavens
above. Our lives began with the
descent
of the sun and we
walked on together.
m;
Chicano Education
Committee Progresses
Por Mi Patria Chica
La Soledad·
amorosos
como un panal de lunas
Las Chicanas of Fresno State
College are planning to attend the
Farmworker's Fiesta in Delano
Novermber 22. Also in the brew
are exciting, intriguing, stimulating, vibrating, relaxing, and
heavy intellectual and social happenings (What else can I say?).
Also in the last stages o! development are projective plans for a
good-time hour. All this will be
revealed at the Adelita meeting
on Wednesday, November 19 at
noon. So Chicanas get yourselves
together and make it to this important meeting. Don't be left out
in the dark by not attending this
heavy •junta." The place or the
meeting will be posted around
campus- look around (!or the
Brown)- -Catch you all later.
El Puerquito Jodon
let all anguish be futile
tomorrow it will rain
and the hills of Viet Nam
resume /the sacrifice is not over
la mujer
y pen.samientos,
Oh Happy
Day
We are off to see the movies and the flesh
of night is torn into smal I, I ittle children
as angels eat breaded clouds and spiders
tel I stories to the rabbits of the neighborhood.
comes home
his beloved country
gives homage
and mothers asleep
in cardboard houses
pedazos de nubes
a mi lado
You made your move
and caught the wor Id
by your nostrils
and escaped half god
demo! ished
Saturday
Bereavements are over
the wedding takes place
the little girls dream of insomnia
the giant circus and angels
gather on the streets
I ike apostrophes
come to impregnate the earth with trouble.
listen
fighting men tarnish the ground
death has whispered
·
tales to the young
and now choir boys are ringing
bells
another sacrifice for America
a Mexican
sky
sad and brave
your descendants
drinking peuote
Your fingers dig into clouds
as memory burns
and you embrace your land
and disappear
into the vapor
of dream
It is June and my mother is awake
the flowers in the disheveled garden
are praying
and the priests of the parish are studying
geometry
my good father is selling soap to the rich
and the mad doctors have no one to talk to.
the ears of strangers
You lunged and caught fire
flowers falling from a disenchanted
You appear in our nightmares
On the darkened streets of starving women and
uni it doorways
where riddles and children are thrown together
worms, dogs, cats meander the trash
of the rich
unspent hours spinning webs
and mathematical books l aying drunk
on U~bles
The aristocratic moon peeps in for a look
what stars there are 1sold in candy stores
and the I iquor of spiders
goes drifting through the rain.
Death In Vietnam
Quetzalcoatle
called CSU (Chicano Student Union). At C.O.S. their organization
. is called UMAS (United Mexican
American Students). They have
approximately 90-100 membership. Although thebP. organizations are re 1 at i v e 1 y new they
showed much enthusiasm tor La
Raza. Our reception was well
received and we were urgently
invited to return.
Next week the committee wlll
go to Reedley J.C. and it is open
to any Chicano student who is
interested and truly committed
to La Causa.
L A
V I V A
RAZ A'.
SPECIALS
WHITE, NA VY & STRIPES
BELL BOTTOM
TROUSERS
349
only
up
STA PREST PANTS
WHILE
THEY
LAST!!
395
Reg.
12.95
& up
AIR FORCE
SUN
GLASSES
229
NAVY
895
PEA .COATS'
& up
LOU'S BARBERS
\IE:\'
11:\IUST\Ll'.'.G
The Method Prc.>!erred by
Hollywood Cc.>lebrities
Shaw-\\cst Shopping f'enter
Haircuts S'.!.50 12 & und4n $2 . 00
NAVY SHIRTS
_ALL
SIZES
195
Sat. S2 . 25
Ph. 222-99-15
LUPE'S
11
~~\~·
2087 W. Shaw
UPHOLSTERY
Automobile & Fumiturl"
5225 ~. ~larket Street
:\. Fresno
268-6988
Open 6 Days a Week
RENEWAL BODY WORKS
Collision Repair - Brake Sf"T\"ice
Wheel Alignment - Au to Painting
24 Hour Towing S.-rvicf"
G.I.
FATIGUE
JACKETS
G.I. FIELD
JACKETS
1so
495
Most complete stock of
Jackets - and sizes in
the Valley.
711 E. Shaw
Nites:291-3188 Clovis. Calif.
Da;\·s: 299-2116
Para que Vd. tome agusto
y contento
las
MARACA'S CAFE
el lugar preferido para familiar
5345 ~ - Motel Dr .
(Old Hwy. 9Q)
237-9755
602 Broadway
237-3615