La Voz de Aztlan, November 3 1969
Item
Title
La Voz de Aztlan, November 3 1969
Creator
Associated Students of Fresno State
Relation
La Voz de Aztlan (Daily Collegian, California State University, Fresno)
Coverage
Fresno, California
Date
11/3/1969
Format
PDF
Identifier
SCUA_lvda_00004
extracted text
FRESNO STATE COLLEGE . FRESNO , CALlf"ORNiA
Daily
Collegian
LXXV /34
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1969
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER SILENCIA DETRAS DE LA MAQUINA
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER ESCONDIDA EN LA CASA
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER QUE NO SE INTERESA NI SABE LO QUE ESTA PASANDO EL EL MUNDO
WE ARE LAS SOLDADERAS OF OUR MEN
WE ARE THE ADE LI TAS Y LAS JUANAS GAL LO DE HOY
OUR VOICES SHALL RING IN THE EARS OF OUR PEOPLE
OUR VOICES SHALL SPEAK OF THE PRIDE OF OUR PEOPLE
AND OUR VOICES SHALL CLANG OF THE INJUSTICES DEL GA BACHO.
·wE AS LAS CHICANAS DE AZTLAN
PL EDGE OUR WORK AND OUR FIGHT
FOR RELEVANT EDUCATION
AND FOR THE ABOLISHMENT OF THE INJUSTICES TO OUR PEOPLE
WE MUST EDUCATE OURSELVES AND LEARN TO SPEAK OUT
SO THAT OUR CHILDREN SHALL NOT BE THE IGNORANT VICTIMS OF THE TYRANNY AGAINST OUR PEOPLE.
NEVER SHALL OUR CHI LOREN AGAIN WONDER WHO THEY ARE.
THEY SHALL KNOW THEY ARE THE BEST BECAUSE THEY ARE MEXICANOS
NEVER SHALL THEY BE USED MERELY AS A CHEAP COMMODITY OF LABOR
NEVER SHALL THEY BE SENT TO A FOREIGN COUNTRY TO FIGHT
NEVER TO FIGHT INNOCENT PEOPLE WHO ARE BROTHERS OF COLOR
THEY HAVE DONE US NO HARM.
THEY ONLY DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM THE CAPITALISTIC AND IMPERIALISTIC OPPRESSION
WHICH WE KNOW SO WELL
BUT THIS YOKE OF TYRANNY SHALL BE BROKEN
FOR OUR HANDS REST ON THE GUNS OF LA REVOLUCION
AND OUR BOSOMS ARE LADEN WITH THE GUIRRILERAS OF CHANGE
IT SHALL BE OUR LOVE THAT SHALL NOURISH OUR MEN
TOGETHER, WE SHALL PLANT THE SEED
AND THE WOMEN SHALL BARE THE CHILDREN OF LA RAZA NUEVA
MANO EN MANO
EL HOMBRE Y LA MUJER
LOOK WITHIN YOU
LOOK TO EACH OTHER
"'SOMOS UNA NACION
SOMOS AZTLAN."
ANNA NIETO GOMEZ
:J.6
Je Mrup,, 1969
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6
The Daily Collegian
Published five days·
a week except holi.·
and examination periods by the
Fresno State College
Association. Mall subscriptions $8
semester, $15 a year. Editorial of•
lice, Business 23S, telephone 4872170.telephone
Business487-.1266.
office, College Union
316,
day'II
a
Adelita Woman Power
In Their LA Cosa
Unity Heavy Duty
Saturday, October 25, I had the
opportunity to travel to Los Angeles with uLas Adelltas" !or a
conference. The conference,
sponsored, by Operation Womanpower, a statewide women's organization, was attendedbywomen from Los Angeles and nearby
cJties. Also attending were women students from the campuses
ot u.c.L.A, u.s.c., Cal state at
L.A., San Fernando State, Fresno
City College and Fresno ::ita.te
College. The purpose of the conference was to talk about the
many problems of the Chicano
and what we as women can do to
help solve these problems. Since
the women present at the conference were representatives of
Blacks, Anglos , and Chicanas,
and ranged from college student
age to professional women, we
were exposed to many different
attitudes toward these problems.
I participated in these conversations and I am sure man of the
other AdeUtas were also g1 ven a
chance to speak out. One thing
that really impressed me was the
attitude of the girls from the
other colleges. After the conference, all the students got together and had our own gab session.
We found that at the many schools
represented , many of the same
problems existed. This does not
mean that we agreed on everything, but that we did have some
things in common. But what really
excited me the most was the fact
that though many of us disagreed
on issues, we had a sense of unity and were able to accept criticism without losing our tempers.
This is one thing that many organizations cannot do. But then,
"Las Adelitas" do not claim to be
an ordinary organization. We are
something unique. So allyouChicana girls, get with it. You're
all welcome to join us next time
we meet. Remember, this club
is open to every Chicana girl on
campus.
,Graciela Soils
By Susana Medina
The Los Angeles Union Oil
Building was the site of •what is
a Mexican-American?", a conference sponsored by Operation
· Woman Power. On October 25,
1969, .thirty Adelltas literally
represented Chicana Power at
this Woman Power conference.
Besides Operation Woman Power, a Coupcil of women representing organizations throughout
the Los Angeles area - Chicana
students from u.s.c., U.C.L.A.,
cal State Long Beach, Cal state
Los Angeles, and San Fernando
Valley State also attended.
Ann Ramirez, president of the
Council of Mexican-American
Women, gave the keynote address . Mr s. Ramirez cited such
basi c facts as: In California Chicanos are most heavily concent rated in Los Angeles; there are
3 million Chicanos in California·
there is only one Chicano repre~
senta ti ve in the State legislature;
of the 750,000 Chicanos in Los
Angeles there is no representa. Uon on the City Council; the 75
per cent Chicano drop out (pushout) rate; the English as a Second Lang_uage Program and the
mi s -classification of Chicano
children into mentally retarded
classes; and the exclusion of bicultural programs in the college
s ystem. In short, no matter what
these facts imply - the success
of this whole conference was dependent on the extent of Anglo
participation.
Other members of the panel
reinfor ced Mrs . Ramirez' address by s tating: Chicanos are
going through an internalization
of attitudes; although not usually
admitted by this dominantly An-·
glo society, gabachos are handing
down ascribed inferior roles; the
educational system now produces
"program zombies.•
During the afternoon the conference broke up into 3 discussion groups: Education, Economics, and Politics. The following
are some of the resolutions which
came before the conference for
full support by Operation Woman
Power; support for the boycott,
Cesar Chavez, the farmworkers
and their struggle for justice·
~omplete funding of bilingual ed~
ucation by the legislature; that
colleges and universities enroll
more Chicanos in proportion to
th eir representation in the community; more recruitment of Chicano registrars; push legislation
for a bilingual ballot; and immediate halt of Ch 1 can o s being
drafted to Viet Nam.
However, because of lack of
time, the unwillingness by Operation Woman Power to act as a
united powerful organization and
the confusing state of mind w'hich
was created - the resolutions
were left up in the air and the
inevitable happened - the Chicana students walked out as a
united group. When asked to comment on the situation, Rosie Gonzalez stated: •1t was good that we
walked out because at least they
knew that we were together."
In the eyes of many- ottheAdelitas the success of this conference trip rested on two things
- 1. exposure to a conference o!
this type and 2, exposure and
contact with other Chicana students in the Los Angeles area.
And in the words of Adelita Juanita Castaneda: •Being the Adelitas' first conference I believe
we've learned from this one experience what our potentials are
and can be."
For me, the greatest thing
about this weekend trip was the
exchange of ideas which were so
diverse and at the same time we
as Chicanas were united in spirit.
The most beautiful part rested on
the output which we Adelitas radiated •. I realized that although we
had different immediate problems, out goals were similar.
Our trip ended in the tone of:
"Mano en mano - el hombre y
Ia mujer." This is where it's at
for La Raza Nueva.
Susana Medina
•ne hoy en adelante no iremos
hacer las cosas por apariencias
sino por el verdadero de los
pobres."
Upcoming
Anthology
Estimados carnales:
This letter is to inform you that
I am collecting materials for an
anthology of Chicano literature
to be published early in 1970 by
Harper and Row. Royalties will
be paid on everything published.
As co-editor, I am hoping to
put together an anthology with social, political and spiritual content. All types and foNfl's of literature w i 11 be considered:
poems, short plays, essays, short
stories, speeches, cartoons; etc,
The ~tress is on coraron, on
truth, on Chicanos writing for
Chicanos. Materials are accepted in Spanish, English, Nahuatl,
or Calo.
Please send me whatever you
have to the followtng address:
Chicano Antholo_gy
P.O. Box 2302
Fresno, California 93720
Every thing submitted will be considered in the true spirit ofCarnalismo.
Hasta la Victoria,
Luis Valdez
Director
El Teatro Campesino
POR LA RAZA TOTO C/S
FUERA DE LA RA ZA NADA,
Purple Tennis Shoest
Adelitas left Fresno thinking
that they were going to attend an
all-Chicano thing. But when they
got there, it was ~11 a big disappoindment. At the meeting there
were old Anglo ladies with ' 4 Purple tennis shoes" rapping about
their women's club. Every time
an Ade;ota ,e,bergotuptosayher
piece she was limited in what to
say. Nothingwas accompliched.
The Adelltas got tired of this
"bullshit" and had their first
-official walk-out. Later that night
they had their own meeting and
discussed the matter o f having
another conference • A conference was agreed upon, but no
definite date was set. We accomplished one thing while we were
Adelitas left Fresno thinking
that they were going to attend al
all-Chicano thing. But when they
got there, it was all a big disappointment. At the meeting there
were old Anglo ladies with "Purple tennis shoes" rapping about
their women's club. Every time
an Adelita member got up to say
piece she was limited in what to
say. Nothing was accomplished
The Adelitas got tired of this
"bullshit" and had their first
official walk-out. Later that night
they had their own meeting and
discussed the matter of having
amother conference. A conference was agreed upon, but no
definite date was set. Weaccomp11shed one thing while we were
up there. We met with other
Chicanos from different colleges
and realized that we were not
alone in our struggle.
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Modern Marginal Man
EDITORIAL
Empathy is basicaHy the key to solving the problems facing mankind. Problem solving Is always stymied by those who have the
power for positive change, but always abstain unless they can ob-
tain a pound of flesh along the way.
To reach this empathetic state a form of communication must
precede al I action. One may have a very different way of expressing
h_lmself, a way which may be incoherent and unrelatable to others
outside his peer group. Nevertheless it is the avenue to progressive
change.
This inability to relate very likely may be the source of the inadequacies pointed to by opposing viewpoints. It is foolish for one
to condemn when he is only experiencing the lack of r'elationship
experienced by his fellow man. This factor keeps presenting itself
in the form of cultural differences. The culture in power refuses to
accept anything it does not understand and never bothers to ask
questions when matters can be facilitated through condemnation and
suppression. This usually comes after a period of usurpation.
The group who can only progress in a positive sense is the one
who usually moves most quickly towards achieving its particular
goal. It may be equality, justice, or an end to suppression. This can
only be done by working basically with its immediate raza and then
expanding group level of conscience altruistically to serve al I.
Chiccinos Bring Change To
High School
Apathy Will
Not Make It ·.
•what can I do?" I hear this
from many young students.
•Why should I get involved? .
I'm hacking it O,K."
All I can say is, carnal loolr
around you. Read, listen, study
Everywhere you do it's there
for you to see, both good and bad.
Results? Beginning next year
the State of California is banning
the use of DDT and ODD on 55
crops and animals. Why not?
Why not ten or flfteen years ago?
Very little was done untllaqulet,
humble man came out of the
fields with his followers and said
•we want justice and equality."
They stood up to be counted
and they're getting results, in
spite of •Big Daddy" Murphy and
others like him.
What happened when •chorizo"
Chargin decided to strip the entire Mexican Community to the
proverbial whipping post? Hundreds of organizations throughout the state rose up ln protest
Immediately. And you can believe
that when this incident is over
the •judges" will know that we
were there to tear down the post.
Hacking it o. K.? Do a little
research and find out how your
brothers are getting along in the
grammar schools, hlgh schools,
in government, and in the barrios. If you are doing so well,
why then are so many of your
brothers doing badly i not hacking .
it at all? Why are some actually
dying of malnutrition?
•soul-searching" is a worn and
tattered phrase. But we all have
to do it sooner or later. So do it
now carnal, and if, when you are
finished and still are not turned
on, you are free to go on your
way. And if you are turned on,
stand up and be counted. Because
after all, this ls a free country,
isn't it?
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By Francisco Rodriguez
I
Washington Union High School,
probably one of the most conservative high schools in the
Fresno area, has become the
target of an issue that concerns
the rights, property, and human
values of Chicanos on the extreme westside of Fresno. In the
past Washington Union, like most
of the other high schools, has
ignored the problems of one of
the most important ethnic groups
in the southwestern United
States. The ignoring of such a
group could be the least of the
important issues concerning this
school. The others deal with
racist attitudes among the members of the administration. We
sometimes don't consider a person or group •racist" unless lt
has been admitted openly or directly, yet the indirect met hods
used in the curriculum and
school academic system are, by
far, the lowest and inhumantstlc
ways of subduing a race Qf people.
As it has been understood that
education is the stem of Ufe, the
offering of academics and the
kind of academics at this school
to the Chicano is meaningless.
Some examples are: the track
almost automatically placed in
lower •c" classes, given primary school subjects to further
their beliefs against real education. Included also is the importance of woodshop classes,
crafts, auto mechanics, and the
steady brainwash and emphasis
on getting Chicanos into the military. This has best been shown
through the •cadet" group in the
school which is made up of almost all Chicanos. These areas
in education are shown to have :
preference over anything else • .
The type of counseling describes
itself and is, but, a segment of
the overall genocidal theory in
the minds of those in power: the .
school board, trustees, and up the
ladder.
Whether known to many or not 1
Washington Union has in its claim
an instructor who has proclaimed
outright in class that all Mexi- I
cans are stupid, ignorant and
lazy; he attends meetings concerning •citizens against revolutionary tactics." The situation
in this high school has finally be- :
come critical. The change for
better treatm~nt of Chicanos in
the counseling, curriculum, and
ethnic studies has begun.
To solve this problem, and to
any other relating ones, is that
we must organize students and
parents at all levels. Such power
potentialities as the barrios, the
outlying areas in the country
which are made up of Chicano
farmworkers, and any individual
should be the main targets of
organization. Once organized as
a group and made aware of the
specifics on existing problems,
·there is no way alterations cannot be made.
I
•The term "Chicano" is a direct result of a "marginal man"
situation, a situation which was
also responsible for the creation of the Chicano movement.
The Mexican-American is not
accepted in Mexico as a Mexican because of his United States
citlzenry and because of what
the Mexicans consider his"cultural crudeness, "and because of
his resemblance to the white
American. The best example of
the Mexican-American's rejection by the Mexican is due to
their language. The Pocho, as
the Mexican-American is labled
in Mexico, speaks a combination of Spanish and English and
has developed many words and
phrases by combining the sounds
found in both languages, and as a
result these words resemble neither language. It is at the point
where the Mexican-American is
able to speak without being understood fully in either language.
In essence, he has developed
a third language. The same is
true for his entire culture, he
has developed a third culture.
The ironic thing being, that
the white American society uses
this same rational to discredit
and oppress the Mexican-American in this country. The only
difference is that they denounce
the Mexican ancestry, cultural
resemblance, etc.
As a result of this rejection,
the Mexican-American co u 1d
neither identify with Mexico or
the American society and was
left with three alternatives. The
first alternative was assimilation
into the American society at the
expense of losing their cultural
identity, and more tragic, their
cultural values. The second alternative was assimilation into
the Mexican society which would
require re-location into Mexico.
The third alternative was the
recognition of their marginal culture as a valid culture and developing it as their own instead
of attempting to identify themselves as either Mexicans or
Americans culturally. It is with
this thought in the- minds of thousands, that the Chicano movement began.
It was only in the mid-sixties
that a social movement began
around this marginal culture;
a movement aimed at creating
an identity within this margin.
An identity that would discredJ.
assimilation l n the traditto!
American sense, and centered
around th e i r cultural Values
which strongly reflect a rnuch
more human way of life than
the American society had reflected.
Though there was no social
movement to promote this marginal culture until the mid-sixties, the Mexican-American had
been a marginal people since 18 _
48 and had since then been bUildlng and autonomous culture and
value system.
The Chicano movement has
developed in the last few years
aimed at promoting awareness
that will bring identity, pride,
and dignity to the long unrecognized people of this new culture
This movement has chosen ~
name for its people which developed out of the poverty pockets
of this southwestern culture; they
have called themselves "Chicanos•. The word Chicano symbolizes both the marginal culture and the social movement
which promises to bring this
culture its long-overdue dignity.
Pesticides, Peril or Provider
By Manuel Fernandez
It would be an understatement
if I said that Agricultural Pesticides was not a controversial
issue and that it didn't concern
the chicano at all.
Pesticide use in the fields has
been one of the main gripes
of the chlcano long before Ceasar
Chavez's attack on aldrin. But
first there are a few facts everyone should know:
(1) Agricultural chem l ca Is
have made it possible for farmers
to feel such a large amount of
people and yet retain quality.
(2) They have helped wipe out
many diseases such as Malaria
in the South.
(3) Without these pestlcldes
we would have a sure famine within two years.
Before a farmer can use a
pesticide he has to receive a
permit from the County agricultural Office and they regulate
as to what he can spray, how
much and when would be the
safest time.
Before any chemical can go on
the market it must go through
various tests. Slnce they naturally cannot test on people they
use rats or rabbi ts and go throuih
several generations. Let me give
you an example of one of these
tests: This special test is used
to determine its toxicity or
LD-50. The LD-50 of any chemical is defined as the amount or
"lethal dosage" it would take to
kill one half of a test group of
rats. This is measured in milligrams of the substance per kilogram of body weight. The lower
the LD-50 the more toxic the
mate_rial. For example, aldrin
ha·s , an LD- 50 of 98, but let
me put it to you in grams. I
gram of aldrin is enough to kill
a person. This is very toxic.
Of course all these tests nave
one drawback: They can never
be tested on people. They cannot know for certain what the
affect will b3 on a human being
10 or 20 years from now. And
practically speaking, everyone
takes a certain amount of risk in
taking any chemical. Some petalclng any chemical. Some people take riskswhen they take penicilln if they don't know they are
allergic to it. But government
sponsored organizations and private laboratories such as the
FDA do everything possible to
cut these risks to a bare minimum. If they are later found to
be detrimental to human life they
are banned off the makket immediately. You see, research on
the material does not stop after it
is declared safe (if used correctly) but ti continues.
This might sound llke a lot of
rapping to some of you but every
point I make is important. I'm
not saying I agree with the poisoning of our people but· as an agriculture major I know a little
bit more about it than the average
student and I must defendtthe industry because I know the importance of it.
I don't think anyone would be
careless enoughtto use something
that could be fatal to human life;
except perhaps someone whosaw
dollar signs more vividly than a
child suffering from phosphate
poisoning.
In essence, this is the vital point
I was trying to make. Many of
these deaths and side effects don't
come directly from the pesticides
themselves but from people who
did not handle them properly and
people who did not use them within the limits of the law. There is
no doublt that farmers in the past
have sprayed illegally chemicals
that were restricted or at a time
when it was considered dangerous.
For instance, the cyclomates,
which were recently banned, were
originally intended for people
with dietary problems such as
diabetics. But instead were widely being used as artificial sweeteners. After being warned they
still went ahead with their capatalistic venture. Why? Most
llkely because it was cheaper to
produce. ironically, the largest
producer of it, AbbotLAboratories, has declared it cancer producing.
These and other examples have
proven to me once again that there
is no real evil in what man has,
is no real evil in what man has
created, but that the real evil lies
ln the way man has manipulated
it. Stricter law enforcement in
the use of pesticides is evidently
needed. Let us not be so harsh
as to say that if we do not start
banning a few we are all eventually going to be poisoned. Like nuclear power, pesticides can be
very beneficial to man. But ifnot
handled right they could destroy
the whole world.
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Daily
Collegian
LXXV /34
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1969
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER SILENCIA DETRAS DE LA MAQUINA
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER ESCONDIDA EN LA CASA
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER QUE NO SE INTERESA NI SABE LO QUE ESTA PASANDO EL EL MUNDO
WE ARE LAS SOLDADERAS OF OUR MEN
WE ARE THE ADE LI TAS Y LAS JUANAS GAL LO DE HOY
OUR VOICES SHALL RING IN THE EARS OF OUR PEOPLE
OUR VOICES SHALL SPEAK OF THE PRIDE OF OUR PEOPLE
AND OUR VOICES SHALL CLANG OF THE INJUSTICES DEL GA BACHO.
·wE AS LAS CHICANAS DE AZTLAN
PL EDGE OUR WORK AND OUR FIGHT
FOR RELEVANT EDUCATION
AND FOR THE ABOLISHMENT OF THE INJUSTICES TO OUR PEOPLE
WE MUST EDUCATE OURSELVES AND LEARN TO SPEAK OUT
SO THAT OUR CHILDREN SHALL NOT BE THE IGNORANT VICTIMS OF THE TYRANNY AGAINST OUR PEOPLE.
NEVER SHALL OUR CHI LOREN AGAIN WONDER WHO THEY ARE.
THEY SHALL KNOW THEY ARE THE BEST BECAUSE THEY ARE MEXICANOS
NEVER SHALL THEY BE USED MERELY AS A CHEAP COMMODITY OF LABOR
NEVER SHALL THEY BE SENT TO A FOREIGN COUNTRY TO FIGHT
NEVER TO FIGHT INNOCENT PEOPLE WHO ARE BROTHERS OF COLOR
THEY HAVE DONE US NO HARM.
THEY ONLY DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM THE CAPITALISTIC AND IMPERIALISTIC OPPRESSION
WHICH WE KNOW SO WELL
BUT THIS YOKE OF TYRANNY SHALL BE BROKEN
FOR OUR HANDS REST ON THE GUNS OF LA REVOLUCION
AND OUR BOSOMS ARE LADEN WITH THE GUIRRILERAS OF CHANGE
IT SHALL BE OUR LOVE THAT SHALL NOURISH OUR MEN
TOGETHER, WE SHALL PLANT THE SEED
AND THE WOMEN SHALL BARE THE CHILDREN OF LA RAZA NUEVA
MANO EN MANO
EL HOMBRE Y LA MUJER
LOOK WITHIN YOU
LOOK TO EACH OTHER
"'SOMOS UNA NACION
SOMOS AZTLAN."
ANNA NIETO GOMEZ
:J.6
Je Mrup,, 1969
d/-lU!MUJ.,
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6
The Daily Collegian
Published five days·
a week except holi.·
and examination periods by the
Fresno State College
Association. Mall subscriptions $8
semester, $15 a year. Editorial of•
lice, Business 23S, telephone 4872170.telephone
Business487-.1266.
office, College Union
316,
day'II
a
Adelita Woman Power
In Their LA Cosa
Unity Heavy Duty
Saturday, October 25, I had the
opportunity to travel to Los Angeles with uLas Adelltas" !or a
conference. The conference,
sponsored, by Operation Womanpower, a statewide women's organization, was attendedbywomen from Los Angeles and nearby
cJties. Also attending were women students from the campuses
ot u.c.L.A, u.s.c., Cal state at
L.A., San Fernando State, Fresno
City College and Fresno ::ita.te
College. The purpose of the conference was to talk about the
many problems of the Chicano
and what we as women can do to
help solve these problems. Since
the women present at the conference were representatives of
Blacks, Anglos , and Chicanas,
and ranged from college student
age to professional women, we
were exposed to many different
attitudes toward these problems.
I participated in these conversations and I am sure man of the
other AdeUtas were also g1 ven a
chance to speak out. One thing
that really impressed me was the
attitude of the girls from the
other colleges. After the conference, all the students got together and had our own gab session.
We found that at the many schools
represented , many of the same
problems existed. This does not
mean that we agreed on everything, but that we did have some
things in common. But what really
excited me the most was the fact
that though many of us disagreed
on issues, we had a sense of unity and were able to accept criticism without losing our tempers.
This is one thing that many organizations cannot do. But then,
"Las Adelitas" do not claim to be
an ordinary organization. We are
something unique. So allyouChicana girls, get with it. You're
all welcome to join us next time
we meet. Remember, this club
is open to every Chicana girl on
campus.
,Graciela Soils
By Susana Medina
The Los Angeles Union Oil
Building was the site of •what is
a Mexican-American?", a conference sponsored by Operation
· Woman Power. On October 25,
1969, .thirty Adelltas literally
represented Chicana Power at
this Woman Power conference.
Besides Operation Woman Power, a Coupcil of women representing organizations throughout
the Los Angeles area - Chicana
students from u.s.c., U.C.L.A.,
cal State Long Beach, Cal state
Los Angeles, and San Fernando
Valley State also attended.
Ann Ramirez, president of the
Council of Mexican-American
Women, gave the keynote address . Mr s. Ramirez cited such
basi c facts as: In California Chicanos are most heavily concent rated in Los Angeles; there are
3 million Chicanos in California·
there is only one Chicano repre~
senta ti ve in the State legislature;
of the 750,000 Chicanos in Los
Angeles there is no representa. Uon on the City Council; the 75
per cent Chicano drop out (pushout) rate; the English as a Second Lang_uage Program and the
mi s -classification of Chicano
children into mentally retarded
classes; and the exclusion of bicultural programs in the college
s ystem. In short, no matter what
these facts imply - the success
of this whole conference was dependent on the extent of Anglo
participation.
Other members of the panel
reinfor ced Mrs . Ramirez' address by s tating: Chicanos are
going through an internalization
of attitudes; although not usually
admitted by this dominantly An-·
glo society, gabachos are handing
down ascribed inferior roles; the
educational system now produces
"program zombies.•
During the afternoon the conference broke up into 3 discussion groups: Education, Economics, and Politics. The following
are some of the resolutions which
came before the conference for
full support by Operation Woman
Power; support for the boycott,
Cesar Chavez, the farmworkers
and their struggle for justice·
~omplete funding of bilingual ed~
ucation by the legislature; that
colleges and universities enroll
more Chicanos in proportion to
th eir representation in the community; more recruitment of Chicano registrars; push legislation
for a bilingual ballot; and immediate halt of Ch 1 can o s being
drafted to Viet Nam.
However, because of lack of
time, the unwillingness by Operation Woman Power to act as a
united powerful organization and
the confusing state of mind w'hich
was created - the resolutions
were left up in the air and the
inevitable happened - the Chicana students walked out as a
united group. When asked to comment on the situation, Rosie Gonzalez stated: •1t was good that we
walked out because at least they
knew that we were together."
In the eyes of many- ottheAdelitas the success of this conference trip rested on two things
- 1. exposure to a conference o!
this type and 2, exposure and
contact with other Chicana students in the Los Angeles area.
And in the words of Adelita Juanita Castaneda: •Being the Adelitas' first conference I believe
we've learned from this one experience what our potentials are
and can be."
For me, the greatest thing
about this weekend trip was the
exchange of ideas which were so
diverse and at the same time we
as Chicanas were united in spirit.
The most beautiful part rested on
the output which we Adelitas radiated •. I realized that although we
had different immediate problems, out goals were similar.
Our trip ended in the tone of:
"Mano en mano - el hombre y
Ia mujer." This is where it's at
for La Raza Nueva.
Susana Medina
•ne hoy en adelante no iremos
hacer las cosas por apariencias
sino por el verdadero de los
pobres."
Upcoming
Anthology
Estimados carnales:
This letter is to inform you that
I am collecting materials for an
anthology of Chicano literature
to be published early in 1970 by
Harper and Row. Royalties will
be paid on everything published.
As co-editor, I am hoping to
put together an anthology with social, political and spiritual content. All types and foNfl's of literature w i 11 be considered:
poems, short plays, essays, short
stories, speeches, cartoons; etc,
The ~tress is on coraron, on
truth, on Chicanos writing for
Chicanos. Materials are accepted in Spanish, English, Nahuatl,
or Calo.
Please send me whatever you
have to the followtng address:
Chicano Antholo_gy
P.O. Box 2302
Fresno, California 93720
Every thing submitted will be considered in the true spirit ofCarnalismo.
Hasta la Victoria,
Luis Valdez
Director
El Teatro Campesino
POR LA RAZA TOTO C/S
FUERA DE LA RA ZA NADA,
Purple Tennis Shoest
Adelitas left Fresno thinking
that they were going to attend an
all-Chicano thing. But when they
got there, it was ~11 a big disappoindment. At the meeting there
were old Anglo ladies with ' 4 Purple tennis shoes" rapping about
their women's club. Every time
an Ade;ota ,e,bergotuptosayher
piece she was limited in what to
say. Nothingwas accompliched.
The Adelltas got tired of this
"bullshit" and had their first
-official walk-out. Later that night
they had their own meeting and
discussed the matter o f having
another conference • A conference was agreed upon, but no
definite date was set. We accomplished one thing while we were
Adelitas left Fresno thinking
that they were going to attend al
all-Chicano thing. But when they
got there, it was all a big disappointment. At the meeting there
were old Anglo ladies with "Purple tennis shoes" rapping about
their women's club. Every time
an Adelita member got up to say
piece she was limited in what to
say. Nothing was accomplished
The Adelitas got tired of this
"bullshit" and had their first
official walk-out. Later that night
they had their own meeting and
discussed the matter of having
amother conference. A conference was agreed upon, but no
definite date was set. Weaccomp11shed one thing while we were
up there. We met with other
Chicanos from different colleges
and realized that we were not
alone in our struggle.
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Modern Marginal Man
EDITORIAL
Empathy is basicaHy the key to solving the problems facing mankind. Problem solving Is always stymied by those who have the
power for positive change, but always abstain unless they can ob-
tain a pound of flesh along the way.
To reach this empathetic state a form of communication must
precede al I action. One may have a very different way of expressing
h_lmself, a way which may be incoherent and unrelatable to others
outside his peer group. Nevertheless it is the avenue to progressive
change.
This inability to relate very likely may be the source of the inadequacies pointed to by opposing viewpoints. It is foolish for one
to condemn when he is only experiencing the lack of r'elationship
experienced by his fellow man. This factor keeps presenting itself
in the form of cultural differences. The culture in power refuses to
accept anything it does not understand and never bothers to ask
questions when matters can be facilitated through condemnation and
suppression. This usually comes after a period of usurpation.
The group who can only progress in a positive sense is the one
who usually moves most quickly towards achieving its particular
goal. It may be equality, justice, or an end to suppression. This can
only be done by working basically with its immediate raza and then
expanding group level of conscience altruistically to serve al I.
Chiccinos Bring Change To
High School
Apathy Will
Not Make It ·.
•what can I do?" I hear this
from many young students.
•Why should I get involved? .
I'm hacking it O,K."
All I can say is, carnal loolr
around you. Read, listen, study
Everywhere you do it's there
for you to see, both good and bad.
Results? Beginning next year
the State of California is banning
the use of DDT and ODD on 55
crops and animals. Why not?
Why not ten or flfteen years ago?
Very little was done untllaqulet,
humble man came out of the
fields with his followers and said
•we want justice and equality."
They stood up to be counted
and they're getting results, in
spite of •Big Daddy" Murphy and
others like him.
What happened when •chorizo"
Chargin decided to strip the entire Mexican Community to the
proverbial whipping post? Hundreds of organizations throughout the state rose up ln protest
Immediately. And you can believe
that when this incident is over
the •judges" will know that we
were there to tear down the post.
Hacking it o. K.? Do a little
research and find out how your
brothers are getting along in the
grammar schools, hlgh schools,
in government, and in the barrios. If you are doing so well,
why then are so many of your
brothers doing badly i not hacking .
it at all? Why are some actually
dying of malnutrition?
•soul-searching" is a worn and
tattered phrase. But we all have
to do it sooner or later. So do it
now carnal, and if, when you are
finished and still are not turned
on, you are free to go on your
way. And if you are turned on,
stand up and be counted. Because
after all, this ls a free country,
isn't it?
El Ruco
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By Francisco Rodriguez
I
Washington Union High School,
probably one of the most conservative high schools in the
Fresno area, has become the
target of an issue that concerns
the rights, property, and human
values of Chicanos on the extreme westside of Fresno. In the
past Washington Union, like most
of the other high schools, has
ignored the problems of one of
the most important ethnic groups
in the southwestern United
States. The ignoring of such a
group could be the least of the
important issues concerning this
school. The others deal with
racist attitudes among the members of the administration. We
sometimes don't consider a person or group •racist" unless lt
has been admitted openly or directly, yet the indirect met hods
used in the curriculum and
school academic system are, by
far, the lowest and inhumantstlc
ways of subduing a race Qf people.
As it has been understood that
education is the stem of Ufe, the
offering of academics and the
kind of academics at this school
to the Chicano is meaningless.
Some examples are: the track
almost automatically placed in
lower •c" classes, given primary school subjects to further
their beliefs against real education. Included also is the importance of woodshop classes,
crafts, auto mechanics, and the
steady brainwash and emphasis
on getting Chicanos into the military. This has best been shown
through the •cadet" group in the
school which is made up of almost all Chicanos. These areas
in education are shown to have :
preference over anything else • .
The type of counseling describes
itself and is, but, a segment of
the overall genocidal theory in
the minds of those in power: the .
school board, trustees, and up the
ladder.
Whether known to many or not 1
Washington Union has in its claim
an instructor who has proclaimed
outright in class that all Mexi- I
cans are stupid, ignorant and
lazy; he attends meetings concerning •citizens against revolutionary tactics." The situation
in this high school has finally be- :
come critical. The change for
better treatm~nt of Chicanos in
the counseling, curriculum, and
ethnic studies has begun.
To solve this problem, and to
any other relating ones, is that
we must organize students and
parents at all levels. Such power
potentialities as the barrios, the
outlying areas in the country
which are made up of Chicano
farmworkers, and any individual
should be the main targets of
organization. Once organized as
a group and made aware of the
specifics on existing problems,
·there is no way alterations cannot be made.
I
•The term "Chicano" is a direct result of a "marginal man"
situation, a situation which was
also responsible for the creation of the Chicano movement.
The Mexican-American is not
accepted in Mexico as a Mexican because of his United States
citlzenry and because of what
the Mexicans consider his"cultural crudeness, "and because of
his resemblance to the white
American. The best example of
the Mexican-American's rejection by the Mexican is due to
their language. The Pocho, as
the Mexican-American is labled
in Mexico, speaks a combination of Spanish and English and
has developed many words and
phrases by combining the sounds
found in both languages, and as a
result these words resemble neither language. It is at the point
where the Mexican-American is
able to speak without being understood fully in either language.
In essence, he has developed
a third language. The same is
true for his entire culture, he
has developed a third culture.
The ironic thing being, that
the white American society uses
this same rational to discredit
and oppress the Mexican-American in this country. The only
difference is that they denounce
the Mexican ancestry, cultural
resemblance, etc.
As a result of this rejection,
the Mexican-American co u 1d
neither identify with Mexico or
the American society and was
left with three alternatives. The
first alternative was assimilation
into the American society at the
expense of losing their cultural
identity, and more tragic, their
cultural values. The second alternative was assimilation into
the Mexican society which would
require re-location into Mexico.
The third alternative was the
recognition of their marginal culture as a valid culture and developing it as their own instead
of attempting to identify themselves as either Mexicans or
Americans culturally. It is with
this thought in the- minds of thousands, that the Chicano movement began.
It was only in the mid-sixties
that a social movement began
around this marginal culture;
a movement aimed at creating
an identity within this margin.
An identity that would discredJ.
assimilation l n the traditto!
American sense, and centered
around th e i r cultural Values
which strongly reflect a rnuch
more human way of life than
the American society had reflected.
Though there was no social
movement to promote this marginal culture until the mid-sixties, the Mexican-American had
been a marginal people since 18 _
48 and had since then been bUildlng and autonomous culture and
value system.
The Chicano movement has
developed in the last few years
aimed at promoting awareness
that will bring identity, pride,
and dignity to the long unrecognized people of this new culture
This movement has chosen ~
name for its people which developed out of the poverty pockets
of this southwestern culture; they
have called themselves "Chicanos•. The word Chicano symbolizes both the marginal culture and the social movement
which promises to bring this
culture its long-overdue dignity.
Pesticides, Peril or Provider
By Manuel Fernandez
It would be an understatement
if I said that Agricultural Pesticides was not a controversial
issue and that it didn't concern
the chicano at all.
Pesticide use in the fields has
been one of the main gripes
of the chlcano long before Ceasar
Chavez's attack on aldrin. But
first there are a few facts everyone should know:
(1) Agricultural chem l ca Is
have made it possible for farmers
to feel such a large amount of
people and yet retain quality.
(2) They have helped wipe out
many diseases such as Malaria
in the South.
(3) Without these pestlcldes
we would have a sure famine within two years.
Before a farmer can use a
pesticide he has to receive a
permit from the County agricultural Office and they regulate
as to what he can spray, how
much and when would be the
safest time.
Before any chemical can go on
the market it must go through
various tests. Slnce they naturally cannot test on people they
use rats or rabbi ts and go throuih
several generations. Let me give
you an example of one of these
tests: This special test is used
to determine its toxicity or
LD-50. The LD-50 of any chemical is defined as the amount or
"lethal dosage" it would take to
kill one half of a test group of
rats. This is measured in milligrams of the substance per kilogram of body weight. The lower
the LD-50 the more toxic the
mate_rial. For example, aldrin
ha·s , an LD- 50 of 98, but let
me put it to you in grams. I
gram of aldrin is enough to kill
a person. This is very toxic.
Of course all these tests nave
one drawback: They can never
be tested on people. They cannot know for certain what the
affect will b3 on a human being
10 or 20 years from now. And
practically speaking, everyone
takes a certain amount of risk in
taking any chemical. Some petalclng any chemical. Some people take riskswhen they take penicilln if they don't know they are
allergic to it. But government
sponsored organizations and private laboratories such as the
FDA do everything possible to
cut these risks to a bare minimum. If they are later found to
be detrimental to human life they
are banned off the makket immediately. You see, research on
the material does not stop after it
is declared safe (if used correctly) but ti continues.
This might sound llke a lot of
rapping to some of you but every
point I make is important. I'm
not saying I agree with the poisoning of our people but· as an agriculture major I know a little
bit more about it than the average
student and I must defendtthe industry because I know the importance of it.
I don't think anyone would be
careless enoughtto use something
that could be fatal to human life;
except perhaps someone whosaw
dollar signs more vividly than a
child suffering from phosphate
poisoning.
In essence, this is the vital point
I was trying to make. Many of
these deaths and side effects don't
come directly from the pesticides
themselves but from people who
did not handle them properly and
people who did not use them within the limits of the law. There is
no doublt that farmers in the past
have sprayed illegally chemicals
that were restricted or at a time
when it was considered dangerous.
For instance, the cyclomates,
which were recently banned, were
originally intended for people
with dietary problems such as
diabetics. But instead were widely being used as artificial sweeteners. After being warned they
still went ahead with their capatalistic venture. Why? Most
llkely because it was cheaper to
produce. ironically, the largest
producer of it, AbbotLAboratories, has declared it cancer producing.
These and other examples have
proven to me once again that there
is no real evil in what man has,
is no real evil in what man has
created, but that the real evil lies
ln the way man has manipulated
it. Stricter law enforcement in
the use of pesticides is evidently
needed. Let us not be so harsh
as to say that if we do not start
banning a few we are all eventually going to be poisoned. Like nuclear power, pesticides can be
very beneficial to man. But ifnot
handled right they could destroy
the whole world.
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FRESNO STATE COLLEGE . FRESNO , CALlf"ORNiA
Daily
Collegian
LXXV /34
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1969
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER SILENCIA DETRAS DE LA MAQUINA
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER ESCONDIDA EN LA CASA
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER QUE NO SE INTERESA NI SABE LO QUE ESTA PASANDO EL EL MUNDO
WE ARE LAS SOLDADERAS OF OUR MEN
WE ARE THE ADE LI TAS Y LAS JUANAS GAL LO DE HOY
OUR VOICES SHALL RING IN THE EARS OF OUR PEOPLE
OUR VOICES SHALL SPEAK OF THE PRIDE OF OUR PEOPLE
AND OUR VOICES SHALL CLANG OF THE INJUSTICES DEL GA BACHO.
·wE AS LAS CHICANAS DE AZTLAN
PL EDGE OUR WORK AND OUR FIGHT
FOR RELEVANT EDUCATION
AND FOR THE ABOLISHMENT OF THE INJUSTICES TO OUR PEOPLE
WE MUST EDUCATE OURSELVES AND LEARN TO SPEAK OUT
SO THAT OUR CHILDREN SHALL NOT BE THE IGNORANT VICTIMS OF THE TYRANNY AGAINST OUR PEOPLE.
NEVER SHALL OUR CHI LOREN AGAIN WONDER WHO THEY ARE.
THEY SHALL KNOW THEY ARE THE BEST BECAUSE THEY ARE MEXICANOS
NEVER SHALL THEY BE USED MERELY AS A CHEAP COMMODITY OF LABOR
NEVER SHALL THEY BE SENT TO A FOREIGN COUNTRY TO FIGHT
NEVER TO FIGHT INNOCENT PEOPLE WHO ARE BROTHERS OF COLOR
THEY HAVE DONE US NO HARM.
THEY ONLY DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM THE CAPITALISTIC AND IMPERIALISTIC OPPRESSION
WHICH WE KNOW SO WELL
BUT THIS YOKE OF TYRANNY SHALL BE BROKEN
FOR OUR HANDS REST ON THE GUNS OF LA REVOLUCION
AND OUR BOSOMS ARE LADEN WITH THE GUIRRILERAS OF CHANGE
IT SHALL BE OUR LOVE THAT SHALL NOURISH OUR MEN
TOGETHER, WE SHALL PLANT THE SEED
AND THE WOMEN SHALL BARE THE CHILDREN OF LA RAZA NUEVA
MANO EN MANO
EL HOMBRE Y LA MUJER
LOOK WITHIN YOU
LOOK TO EACH OTHER
"'SOMOS UNA NACION
SOMOS AZTLAN."
ANNA NIETO GOMEZ
:J.6
Je Mrup,, 1969
d/-lU!MUJ.,
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6
The Daily Collegian
Published five days·
a week except holi.·
and examination periods by the
Fresno State College
Association. Mall subscriptions $8
semester, $15 a year. Editorial of•
lice, Business 23S, telephone 4872170.telephone
Business487-.1266.
office, College Union
316,
day'II
a
Adelita Woman Power
In Their LA Cosa
Unity Heavy Duty
Saturday, October 25, I had the
opportunity to travel to Los Angeles with uLas Adelltas" !or a
conference. The conference,
sponsored, by Operation Womanpower, a statewide women's organization, was attendedbywomen from Los Angeles and nearby
cJties. Also attending were women students from the campuses
ot u.c.L.A, u.s.c., Cal state at
L.A., San Fernando State, Fresno
City College and Fresno ::ita.te
College. The purpose of the conference was to talk about the
many problems of the Chicano
and what we as women can do to
help solve these problems. Since
the women present at the conference were representatives of
Blacks, Anglos , and Chicanas,
and ranged from college student
age to professional women, we
were exposed to many different
attitudes toward these problems.
I participated in these conversations and I am sure man of the
other AdeUtas were also g1 ven a
chance to speak out. One thing
that really impressed me was the
attitude of the girls from the
other colleges. After the conference, all the students got together and had our own gab session.
We found that at the many schools
represented , many of the same
problems existed. This does not
mean that we agreed on everything, but that we did have some
things in common. But what really
excited me the most was the fact
that though many of us disagreed
on issues, we had a sense of unity and were able to accept criticism without losing our tempers.
This is one thing that many organizations cannot do. But then,
"Las Adelitas" do not claim to be
an ordinary organization. We are
something unique. So allyouChicana girls, get with it. You're
all welcome to join us next time
we meet. Remember, this club
is open to every Chicana girl on
campus.
,Graciela Soils
By Susana Medina
The Los Angeles Union Oil
Building was the site of •what is
a Mexican-American?", a conference sponsored by Operation
· Woman Power. On October 25,
1969, .thirty Adelltas literally
represented Chicana Power at
this Woman Power conference.
Besides Operation Woman Power, a Coupcil of women representing organizations throughout
the Los Angeles area - Chicana
students from u.s.c., U.C.L.A.,
cal State Long Beach, Cal state
Los Angeles, and San Fernando
Valley State also attended.
Ann Ramirez, president of the
Council of Mexican-American
Women, gave the keynote address . Mr s. Ramirez cited such
basi c facts as: In California Chicanos are most heavily concent rated in Los Angeles; there are
3 million Chicanos in California·
there is only one Chicano repre~
senta ti ve in the State legislature;
of the 750,000 Chicanos in Los
Angeles there is no representa. Uon on the City Council; the 75
per cent Chicano drop out (pushout) rate; the English as a Second Lang_uage Program and the
mi s -classification of Chicano
children into mentally retarded
classes; and the exclusion of bicultural programs in the college
s ystem. In short, no matter what
these facts imply - the success
of this whole conference was dependent on the extent of Anglo
participation.
Other members of the panel
reinfor ced Mrs . Ramirez' address by s tating: Chicanos are
going through an internalization
of attitudes; although not usually
admitted by this dominantly An-·
glo society, gabachos are handing
down ascribed inferior roles; the
educational system now produces
"program zombies.•
During the afternoon the conference broke up into 3 discussion groups: Education, Economics, and Politics. The following
are some of the resolutions which
came before the conference for
full support by Operation Woman
Power; support for the boycott,
Cesar Chavez, the farmworkers
and their struggle for justice·
~omplete funding of bilingual ed~
ucation by the legislature; that
colleges and universities enroll
more Chicanos in proportion to
th eir representation in the community; more recruitment of Chicano registrars; push legislation
for a bilingual ballot; and immediate halt of Ch 1 can o s being
drafted to Viet Nam.
However, because of lack of
time, the unwillingness by Operation Woman Power to act as a
united powerful organization and
the confusing state of mind w'hich
was created - the resolutions
were left up in the air and the
inevitable happened - the Chicana students walked out as a
united group. When asked to comment on the situation, Rosie Gonzalez stated: •1t was good that we
walked out because at least they
knew that we were together."
In the eyes of many- ottheAdelitas the success of this conference trip rested on two things
- 1. exposure to a conference o!
this type and 2, exposure and
contact with other Chicana students in the Los Angeles area.
And in the words of Adelita Juanita Castaneda: •Being the Adelitas' first conference I believe
we've learned from this one experience what our potentials are
and can be."
For me, the greatest thing
about this weekend trip was the
exchange of ideas which were so
diverse and at the same time we
as Chicanas were united in spirit.
The most beautiful part rested on
the output which we Adelitas radiated •. I realized that although we
had different immediate problems, out goals were similar.
Our trip ended in the tone of:
"Mano en mano - el hombre y
Ia mujer." This is where it's at
for La Raza Nueva.
Susana Medina
•ne hoy en adelante no iremos
hacer las cosas por apariencias
sino por el verdadero de los
pobres."
Upcoming
Anthology
Estimados carnales:
This letter is to inform you that
I am collecting materials for an
anthology of Chicano literature
to be published early in 1970 by
Harper and Row. Royalties will
be paid on everything published.
As co-editor, I am hoping to
put together an anthology with social, political and spiritual content. All types and foNfl's of literature w i 11 be considered:
poems, short plays, essays, short
stories, speeches, cartoons; etc,
The ~tress is on coraron, on
truth, on Chicanos writing for
Chicanos. Materials are accepted in Spanish, English, Nahuatl,
or Calo.
Please send me whatever you
have to the followtng address:
Chicano Antholo_gy
P.O. Box 2302
Fresno, California 93720
Every thing submitted will be considered in the true spirit ofCarnalismo.
Hasta la Victoria,
Luis Valdez
Director
El Teatro Campesino
POR LA RAZA TOTO C/S
FUERA DE LA RA ZA NADA,
Purple Tennis Shoest
Adelitas left Fresno thinking
that they were going to attend an
all-Chicano thing. But when they
got there, it was ~11 a big disappoindment. At the meeting there
were old Anglo ladies with ' 4 Purple tennis shoes" rapping about
their women's club. Every time
an Ade;ota ,e,bergotuptosayher
piece she was limited in what to
say. Nothingwas accompliched.
The Adelltas got tired of this
"bullshit" and had their first
-official walk-out. Later that night
they had their own meeting and
discussed the matter o f having
another conference • A conference was agreed upon, but no
definite date was set. We accomplished one thing while we were
Adelitas left Fresno thinking
that they were going to attend al
all-Chicano thing. But when they
got there, it was all a big disappointment. At the meeting there
were old Anglo ladies with "Purple tennis shoes" rapping about
their women's club. Every time
an Adelita member got up to say
piece she was limited in what to
say. Nothing was accomplished
The Adelitas got tired of this
"bullshit" and had their first
official walk-out. Later that night
they had their own meeting and
discussed the matter of having
amother conference. A conference was agreed upon, but no
definite date was set. Weaccomp11shed one thing while we were
up there. We met with other
Chicanos from different colleges
and realized that we were not
alone in our struggle.
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Modern Marginal Man
EDITORIAL
Empathy is basicaHy the key to solving the problems facing mankind. Problem solving Is always stymied by those who have the
power for positive change, but always abstain unless they can ob-
tain a pound of flesh along the way.
To reach this empathetic state a form of communication must
precede al I action. One may have a very different way of expressing
h_lmself, a way which may be incoherent and unrelatable to others
outside his peer group. Nevertheless it is the avenue to progressive
change.
This inability to relate very likely may be the source of the inadequacies pointed to by opposing viewpoints. It is foolish for one
to condemn when he is only experiencing the lack of r'elationship
experienced by his fellow man. This factor keeps presenting itself
in the form of cultural differences. The culture in power refuses to
accept anything it does not understand and never bothers to ask
questions when matters can be facilitated through condemnation and
suppression. This usually comes after a period of usurpation.
The group who can only progress in a positive sense is the one
who usually moves most quickly towards achieving its particular
goal. It may be equality, justice, or an end to suppression. This can
only be done by working basically with its immediate raza and then
expanding group level of conscience altruistically to serve al I.
Chiccinos Bring Change To
High School
Apathy Will
Not Make It ·.
•what can I do?" I hear this
from many young students.
•Why should I get involved? .
I'm hacking it O,K."
All I can say is, carnal loolr
around you. Read, listen, study
Everywhere you do it's there
for you to see, both good and bad.
Results? Beginning next year
the State of California is banning
the use of DDT and ODD on 55
crops and animals. Why not?
Why not ten or flfteen years ago?
Very little was done untllaqulet,
humble man came out of the
fields with his followers and said
•we want justice and equality."
They stood up to be counted
and they're getting results, in
spite of •Big Daddy" Murphy and
others like him.
What happened when •chorizo"
Chargin decided to strip the entire Mexican Community to the
proverbial whipping post? Hundreds of organizations throughout the state rose up ln protest
Immediately. And you can believe
that when this incident is over
the •judges" will know that we
were there to tear down the post.
Hacking it o. K.? Do a little
research and find out how your
brothers are getting along in the
grammar schools, hlgh schools,
in government, and in the barrios. If you are doing so well,
why then are so many of your
brothers doing badly i not hacking .
it at all? Why are some actually
dying of malnutrition?
•soul-searching" is a worn and
tattered phrase. But we all have
to do it sooner or later. So do it
now carnal, and if, when you are
finished and still are not turned
on, you are free to go on your
way. And if you are turned on,
stand up and be counted. Because
after all, this ls a free country,
isn't it?
El Ruco
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By Francisco Rodriguez
I
Washington Union High School,
probably one of the most conservative high schools in the
Fresno area, has become the
target of an issue that concerns
the rights, property, and human
values of Chicanos on the extreme westside of Fresno. In the
past Washington Union, like most
of the other high schools, has
ignored the problems of one of
the most important ethnic groups
in the southwestern United
States. The ignoring of such a
group could be the least of the
important issues concerning this
school. The others deal with
racist attitudes among the members of the administration. We
sometimes don't consider a person or group •racist" unless lt
has been admitted openly or directly, yet the indirect met hods
used in the curriculum and
school academic system are, by
far, the lowest and inhumantstlc
ways of subduing a race Qf people.
As it has been understood that
education is the stem of Ufe, the
offering of academics and the
kind of academics at this school
to the Chicano is meaningless.
Some examples are: the track
almost automatically placed in
lower •c" classes, given primary school subjects to further
their beliefs against real education. Included also is the importance of woodshop classes,
crafts, auto mechanics, and the
steady brainwash and emphasis
on getting Chicanos into the military. This has best been shown
through the •cadet" group in the
school which is made up of almost all Chicanos. These areas
in education are shown to have :
preference over anything else • .
The type of counseling describes
itself and is, but, a segment of
the overall genocidal theory in
the minds of those in power: the .
school board, trustees, and up the
ladder.
Whether known to many or not 1
Washington Union has in its claim
an instructor who has proclaimed
outright in class that all Mexi- I
cans are stupid, ignorant and
lazy; he attends meetings concerning •citizens against revolutionary tactics." The situation
in this high school has finally be- :
come critical. The change for
better treatm~nt of Chicanos in
the counseling, curriculum, and
ethnic studies has begun.
To solve this problem, and to
any other relating ones, is that
we must organize students and
parents at all levels. Such power
potentialities as the barrios, the
outlying areas in the country
which are made up of Chicano
farmworkers, and any individual
should be the main targets of
organization. Once organized as
a group and made aware of the
specifics on existing problems,
·there is no way alterations cannot be made.
I
•The term "Chicano" is a direct result of a "marginal man"
situation, a situation which was
also responsible for the creation of the Chicano movement.
The Mexican-American is not
accepted in Mexico as a Mexican because of his United States
citlzenry and because of what
the Mexicans consider his"cultural crudeness, "and because of
his resemblance to the white
American. The best example of
the Mexican-American's rejection by the Mexican is due to
their language. The Pocho, as
the Mexican-American is labled
in Mexico, speaks a combination of Spanish and English and
has developed many words and
phrases by combining the sounds
found in both languages, and as a
result these words resemble neither language. It is at the point
where the Mexican-American is
able to speak without being understood fully in either language.
In essence, he has developed
a third language. The same is
true for his entire culture, he
has developed a third culture.
The ironic thing being, that
the white American society uses
this same rational to discredit
and oppress the Mexican-American in this country. The only
difference is that they denounce
the Mexican ancestry, cultural
resemblance, etc.
As a result of this rejection,
the Mexican-American co u 1d
neither identify with Mexico or
the American society and was
left with three alternatives. The
first alternative was assimilation
into the American society at the
expense of losing their cultural
identity, and more tragic, their
cultural values. The second alternative was assimilation into
the Mexican society which would
require re-location into Mexico.
The third alternative was the
recognition of their marginal culture as a valid culture and developing it as their own instead
of attempting to identify themselves as either Mexicans or
Americans culturally. It is with
this thought in the- minds of thousands, that the Chicano movement began.
It was only in the mid-sixties
that a social movement began
around this marginal culture;
a movement aimed at creating
an identity within this margin.
An identity that would discredJ.
assimilation l n the traditto!
American sense, and centered
around th e i r cultural Values
which strongly reflect a rnuch
more human way of life than
the American society had reflected.
Though there was no social
movement to promote this marginal culture until the mid-sixties, the Mexican-American had
been a marginal people since 18 _
48 and had since then been bUildlng and autonomous culture and
value system.
The Chicano movement has
developed in the last few years
aimed at promoting awareness
that will bring identity, pride,
and dignity to the long unrecognized people of this new culture
This movement has chosen ~
name for its people which developed out of the poverty pockets
of this southwestern culture; they
have called themselves "Chicanos•. The word Chicano symbolizes both the marginal culture and the social movement
which promises to bring this
culture its long-overdue dignity.
Pesticides, Peril or Provider
By Manuel Fernandez
It would be an understatement
if I said that Agricultural Pesticides was not a controversial
issue and that it didn't concern
the chicano at all.
Pesticide use in the fields has
been one of the main gripes
of the chlcano long before Ceasar
Chavez's attack on aldrin. But
first there are a few facts everyone should know:
(1) Agricultural chem l ca Is
have made it possible for farmers
to feel such a large amount of
people and yet retain quality.
(2) They have helped wipe out
many diseases such as Malaria
in the South.
(3) Without these pestlcldes
we would have a sure famine within two years.
Before a farmer can use a
pesticide he has to receive a
permit from the County agricultural Office and they regulate
as to what he can spray, how
much and when would be the
safest time.
Before any chemical can go on
the market it must go through
various tests. Slnce they naturally cannot test on people they
use rats or rabbi ts and go throuih
several generations. Let me give
you an example of one of these
tests: This special test is used
to determine its toxicity or
LD-50. The LD-50 of any chemical is defined as the amount or
"lethal dosage" it would take to
kill one half of a test group of
rats. This is measured in milligrams of the substance per kilogram of body weight. The lower
the LD-50 the more toxic the
mate_rial. For example, aldrin
ha·s , an LD- 50 of 98, but let
me put it to you in grams. I
gram of aldrin is enough to kill
a person. This is very toxic.
Of course all these tests nave
one drawback: They can never
be tested on people. They cannot know for certain what the
affect will b3 on a human being
10 or 20 years from now. And
practically speaking, everyone
takes a certain amount of risk in
taking any chemical. Some petalclng any chemical. Some people take riskswhen they take penicilln if they don't know they are
allergic to it. But government
sponsored organizations and private laboratories such as the
FDA do everything possible to
cut these risks to a bare minimum. If they are later found to
be detrimental to human life they
are banned off the makket immediately. You see, research on
the material does not stop after it
is declared safe (if used correctly) but ti continues.
This might sound llke a lot of
rapping to some of you but every
point I make is important. I'm
not saying I agree with the poisoning of our people but· as an agriculture major I know a little
bit more about it than the average
student and I must defendtthe industry because I know the importance of it.
I don't think anyone would be
careless enoughtto use something
that could be fatal to human life;
except perhaps someone whosaw
dollar signs more vividly than a
child suffering from phosphate
poisoning.
In essence, this is the vital point
I was trying to make. Many of
these deaths and side effects don't
come directly from the pesticides
themselves but from people who
did not handle them properly and
people who did not use them within the limits of the law. There is
no doublt that farmers in the past
have sprayed illegally chemicals
that were restricted or at a time
when it was considered dangerous.
For instance, the cyclomates,
which were recently banned, were
originally intended for people
with dietary problems such as
diabetics. But instead were widely being used as artificial sweeteners. After being warned they
still went ahead with their capatalistic venture. Why? Most
llkely because it was cheaper to
produce. ironically, the largest
producer of it, AbbotLAboratories, has declared it cancer producing.
These and other examples have
proven to me once again that there
is no real evil in what man has,
is no real evil in what man has
created, but that the real evil lies
ln the way man has manipulated
it. Stricter law enforcement in
the use of pesticides is evidently
needed. Let us not be so harsh
as to say that if we do not start
banning a few we are all eventually going to be poisoned. Like nuclear power, pesticides can be
very beneficial to man. But ifnot
handled right they could destroy
the whole world.
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602 Broadway
237-3615
Daily
Collegian
LXXV /34
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1969
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER SILENCIA DETRAS DE LA MAQUINA
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER ESCONDIDA EN LA CASA
YA BASTA CON LA MUJER QUE NO SE INTERESA NI SABE LO QUE ESTA PASANDO EL EL MUNDO
WE ARE LAS SOLDADERAS OF OUR MEN
WE ARE THE ADE LI TAS Y LAS JUANAS GAL LO DE HOY
OUR VOICES SHALL RING IN THE EARS OF OUR PEOPLE
OUR VOICES SHALL SPEAK OF THE PRIDE OF OUR PEOPLE
AND OUR VOICES SHALL CLANG OF THE INJUSTICES DEL GA BACHO.
·wE AS LAS CHICANAS DE AZTLAN
PL EDGE OUR WORK AND OUR FIGHT
FOR RELEVANT EDUCATION
AND FOR THE ABOLISHMENT OF THE INJUSTICES TO OUR PEOPLE
WE MUST EDUCATE OURSELVES AND LEARN TO SPEAK OUT
SO THAT OUR CHILDREN SHALL NOT BE THE IGNORANT VICTIMS OF THE TYRANNY AGAINST OUR PEOPLE.
NEVER SHALL OUR CHI LOREN AGAIN WONDER WHO THEY ARE.
THEY SHALL KNOW THEY ARE THE BEST BECAUSE THEY ARE MEXICANOS
NEVER SHALL THEY BE USED MERELY AS A CHEAP COMMODITY OF LABOR
NEVER SHALL THEY BE SENT TO A FOREIGN COUNTRY TO FIGHT
NEVER TO FIGHT INNOCENT PEOPLE WHO ARE BROTHERS OF COLOR
THEY HAVE DONE US NO HARM.
THEY ONLY DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM THE CAPITALISTIC AND IMPERIALISTIC OPPRESSION
WHICH WE KNOW SO WELL
BUT THIS YOKE OF TYRANNY SHALL BE BROKEN
FOR OUR HANDS REST ON THE GUNS OF LA REVOLUCION
AND OUR BOSOMS ARE LADEN WITH THE GUIRRILERAS OF CHANGE
IT SHALL BE OUR LOVE THAT SHALL NOURISH OUR MEN
TOGETHER, WE SHALL PLANT THE SEED
AND THE WOMEN SHALL BARE THE CHILDREN OF LA RAZA NUEVA
MANO EN MANO
EL HOMBRE Y LA MUJER
LOOK WITHIN YOU
LOOK TO EACH OTHER
"'SOMOS UNA NACION
SOMOS AZTLAN."
ANNA NIETO GOMEZ
:J.6
Je Mrup,, 1969
d/-lU!MUJ.,
e~·
:.uru~
2~R~
<'le~ ku ~~~ ~ ~ 'r"' le
eH, lu,,e,,,a, 4tik,J; ~ ~ lm/o4 edamtu, luen
~a.~.&~~tu~la
C41U,Ci, 'iJ'U' ~ WUUf .,,...~~~..c , ~ Ju Jo. ~ 'i'"' 4e
s,,r,O~v,ea,
·I
I
11
I
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6
The Daily Collegian
Published five days·
a week except holi.·
and examination periods by the
Fresno State College
Association. Mall subscriptions $8
semester, $15 a year. Editorial of•
lice, Business 23S, telephone 4872170.telephone
Business487-.1266.
office, College Union
316,
day'II
a
Adelita Woman Power
In Their LA Cosa
Unity Heavy Duty
Saturday, October 25, I had the
opportunity to travel to Los Angeles with uLas Adelltas" !or a
conference. The conference,
sponsored, by Operation Womanpower, a statewide women's organization, was attendedbywomen from Los Angeles and nearby
cJties. Also attending were women students from the campuses
ot u.c.L.A, u.s.c., Cal state at
L.A., San Fernando State, Fresno
City College and Fresno ::ita.te
College. The purpose of the conference was to talk about the
many problems of the Chicano
and what we as women can do to
help solve these problems. Since
the women present at the conference were representatives of
Blacks, Anglos , and Chicanas,
and ranged from college student
age to professional women, we
were exposed to many different
attitudes toward these problems.
I participated in these conversations and I am sure man of the
other AdeUtas were also g1 ven a
chance to speak out. One thing
that really impressed me was the
attitude of the girls from the
other colleges. After the conference, all the students got together and had our own gab session.
We found that at the many schools
represented , many of the same
problems existed. This does not
mean that we agreed on everything, but that we did have some
things in common. But what really
excited me the most was the fact
that though many of us disagreed
on issues, we had a sense of unity and were able to accept criticism without losing our tempers.
This is one thing that many organizations cannot do. But then,
"Las Adelitas" do not claim to be
an ordinary organization. We are
something unique. So allyouChicana girls, get with it. You're
all welcome to join us next time
we meet. Remember, this club
is open to every Chicana girl on
campus.
,Graciela Soils
By Susana Medina
The Los Angeles Union Oil
Building was the site of •what is
a Mexican-American?", a conference sponsored by Operation
· Woman Power. On October 25,
1969, .thirty Adelltas literally
represented Chicana Power at
this Woman Power conference.
Besides Operation Woman Power, a Coupcil of women representing organizations throughout
the Los Angeles area - Chicana
students from u.s.c., U.C.L.A.,
cal State Long Beach, Cal state
Los Angeles, and San Fernando
Valley State also attended.
Ann Ramirez, president of the
Council of Mexican-American
Women, gave the keynote address . Mr s. Ramirez cited such
basi c facts as: In California Chicanos are most heavily concent rated in Los Angeles; there are
3 million Chicanos in California·
there is only one Chicano repre~
senta ti ve in the State legislature;
of the 750,000 Chicanos in Los
Angeles there is no representa. Uon on the City Council; the 75
per cent Chicano drop out (pushout) rate; the English as a Second Lang_uage Program and the
mi s -classification of Chicano
children into mentally retarded
classes; and the exclusion of bicultural programs in the college
s ystem. In short, no matter what
these facts imply - the success
of this whole conference was dependent on the extent of Anglo
participation.
Other members of the panel
reinfor ced Mrs . Ramirez' address by s tating: Chicanos are
going through an internalization
of attitudes; although not usually
admitted by this dominantly An-·
glo society, gabachos are handing
down ascribed inferior roles; the
educational system now produces
"program zombies.•
During the afternoon the conference broke up into 3 discussion groups: Education, Economics, and Politics. The following
are some of the resolutions which
came before the conference for
full support by Operation Woman
Power; support for the boycott,
Cesar Chavez, the farmworkers
and their struggle for justice·
~omplete funding of bilingual ed~
ucation by the legislature; that
colleges and universities enroll
more Chicanos in proportion to
th eir representation in the community; more recruitment of Chicano registrars; push legislation
for a bilingual ballot; and immediate halt of Ch 1 can o s being
drafted to Viet Nam.
However, because of lack of
time, the unwillingness by Operation Woman Power to act as a
united powerful organization and
the confusing state of mind w'hich
was created - the resolutions
were left up in the air and the
inevitable happened - the Chicana students walked out as a
united group. When asked to comment on the situation, Rosie Gonzalez stated: •1t was good that we
walked out because at least they
knew that we were together."
In the eyes of many- ottheAdelitas the success of this conference trip rested on two things
- 1. exposure to a conference o!
this type and 2, exposure and
contact with other Chicana students in the Los Angeles area.
And in the words of Adelita Juanita Castaneda: •Being the Adelitas' first conference I believe
we've learned from this one experience what our potentials are
and can be."
For me, the greatest thing
about this weekend trip was the
exchange of ideas which were so
diverse and at the same time we
as Chicanas were united in spirit.
The most beautiful part rested on
the output which we Adelitas radiated •. I realized that although we
had different immediate problems, out goals were similar.
Our trip ended in the tone of:
"Mano en mano - el hombre y
Ia mujer." This is where it's at
for La Raza Nueva.
Susana Medina
•ne hoy en adelante no iremos
hacer las cosas por apariencias
sino por el verdadero de los
pobres."
Upcoming
Anthology
Estimados carnales:
This letter is to inform you that
I am collecting materials for an
anthology of Chicano literature
to be published early in 1970 by
Harper and Row. Royalties will
be paid on everything published.
As co-editor, I am hoping to
put together an anthology with social, political and spiritual content. All types and foNfl's of literature w i 11 be considered:
poems, short plays, essays, short
stories, speeches, cartoons; etc,
The ~tress is on coraron, on
truth, on Chicanos writing for
Chicanos. Materials are accepted in Spanish, English, Nahuatl,
or Calo.
Please send me whatever you
have to the followtng address:
Chicano Antholo_gy
P.O. Box 2302
Fresno, California 93720
Every thing submitted will be considered in the true spirit ofCarnalismo.
Hasta la Victoria,
Luis Valdez
Director
El Teatro Campesino
POR LA RAZA TOTO C/S
FUERA DE LA RA ZA NADA,
Purple Tennis Shoest
Adelitas left Fresno thinking
that they were going to attend an
all-Chicano thing. But when they
got there, it was ~11 a big disappoindment. At the meeting there
were old Anglo ladies with ' 4 Purple tennis shoes" rapping about
their women's club. Every time
an Ade;ota ,e,bergotuptosayher
piece she was limited in what to
say. Nothingwas accompliched.
The Adelltas got tired of this
"bullshit" and had their first
-official walk-out. Later that night
they had their own meeting and
discussed the matter o f having
another conference • A conference was agreed upon, but no
definite date was set. We accomplished one thing while we were
Adelitas left Fresno thinking
that they were going to attend al
all-Chicano thing. But when they
got there, it was all a big disappointment. At the meeting there
were old Anglo ladies with "Purple tennis shoes" rapping about
their women's club. Every time
an Adelita member got up to say
piece she was limited in what to
say. Nothing was accomplished
The Adelitas got tired of this
"bullshit" and had their first
official walk-out. Later that night
they had their own meeting and
discussed the matter of having
amother conference. A conference was agreed upon, but no
definite date was set. Weaccomp11shed one thing while we were
up there. We met with other
Chicanos from different colleges
and realized that we were not
alone in our struggle.
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Modern Marginal Man
EDITORIAL
Empathy is basicaHy the key to solving the problems facing mankind. Problem solving Is always stymied by those who have the
power for positive change, but always abstain unless they can ob-
tain a pound of flesh along the way.
To reach this empathetic state a form of communication must
precede al I action. One may have a very different way of expressing
h_lmself, a way which may be incoherent and unrelatable to others
outside his peer group. Nevertheless it is the avenue to progressive
change.
This inability to relate very likely may be the source of the inadequacies pointed to by opposing viewpoints. It is foolish for one
to condemn when he is only experiencing the lack of r'elationship
experienced by his fellow man. This factor keeps presenting itself
in the form of cultural differences. The culture in power refuses to
accept anything it does not understand and never bothers to ask
questions when matters can be facilitated through condemnation and
suppression. This usually comes after a period of usurpation.
The group who can only progress in a positive sense is the one
who usually moves most quickly towards achieving its particular
goal. It may be equality, justice, or an end to suppression. This can
only be done by working basically with its immediate raza and then
expanding group level of conscience altruistically to serve al I.
Chiccinos Bring Change To
High School
Apathy Will
Not Make It ·.
•what can I do?" I hear this
from many young students.
•Why should I get involved? .
I'm hacking it O,K."
All I can say is, carnal loolr
around you. Read, listen, study
Everywhere you do it's there
for you to see, both good and bad.
Results? Beginning next year
the State of California is banning
the use of DDT and ODD on 55
crops and animals. Why not?
Why not ten or flfteen years ago?
Very little was done untllaqulet,
humble man came out of the
fields with his followers and said
•we want justice and equality."
They stood up to be counted
and they're getting results, in
spite of •Big Daddy" Murphy and
others like him.
What happened when •chorizo"
Chargin decided to strip the entire Mexican Community to the
proverbial whipping post? Hundreds of organizations throughout the state rose up ln protest
Immediately. And you can believe
that when this incident is over
the •judges" will know that we
were there to tear down the post.
Hacking it o. K.? Do a little
research and find out how your
brothers are getting along in the
grammar schools, hlgh schools,
in government, and in the barrios. If you are doing so well,
why then are so many of your
brothers doing badly i not hacking .
it at all? Why are some actually
dying of malnutrition?
•soul-searching" is a worn and
tattered phrase. But we all have
to do it sooner or later. So do it
now carnal, and if, when you are
finished and still are not turned
on, you are free to go on your
way. And if you are turned on,
stand up and be counted. Because
after all, this ls a free country,
isn't it?
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By Francisco Rodriguez
I
Washington Union High School,
probably one of the most conservative high schools in the
Fresno area, has become the
target of an issue that concerns
the rights, property, and human
values of Chicanos on the extreme westside of Fresno. In the
past Washington Union, like most
of the other high schools, has
ignored the problems of one of
the most important ethnic groups
in the southwestern United
States. The ignoring of such a
group could be the least of the
important issues concerning this
school. The others deal with
racist attitudes among the members of the administration. We
sometimes don't consider a person or group •racist" unless lt
has been admitted openly or directly, yet the indirect met hods
used in the curriculum and
school academic system are, by
far, the lowest and inhumantstlc
ways of subduing a race Qf people.
As it has been understood that
education is the stem of Ufe, the
offering of academics and the
kind of academics at this school
to the Chicano is meaningless.
Some examples are: the track
almost automatically placed in
lower •c" classes, given primary school subjects to further
their beliefs against real education. Included also is the importance of woodshop classes,
crafts, auto mechanics, and the
steady brainwash and emphasis
on getting Chicanos into the military. This has best been shown
through the •cadet" group in the
school which is made up of almost all Chicanos. These areas
in education are shown to have :
preference over anything else • .
The type of counseling describes
itself and is, but, a segment of
the overall genocidal theory in
the minds of those in power: the .
school board, trustees, and up the
ladder.
Whether known to many or not 1
Washington Union has in its claim
an instructor who has proclaimed
outright in class that all Mexi- I
cans are stupid, ignorant and
lazy; he attends meetings concerning •citizens against revolutionary tactics." The situation
in this high school has finally be- :
come critical. The change for
better treatm~nt of Chicanos in
the counseling, curriculum, and
ethnic studies has begun.
To solve this problem, and to
any other relating ones, is that
we must organize students and
parents at all levels. Such power
potentialities as the barrios, the
outlying areas in the country
which are made up of Chicano
farmworkers, and any individual
should be the main targets of
organization. Once organized as
a group and made aware of the
specifics on existing problems,
·there is no way alterations cannot be made.
I
•The term "Chicano" is a direct result of a "marginal man"
situation, a situation which was
also responsible for the creation of the Chicano movement.
The Mexican-American is not
accepted in Mexico as a Mexican because of his United States
citlzenry and because of what
the Mexicans consider his"cultural crudeness, "and because of
his resemblance to the white
American. The best example of
the Mexican-American's rejection by the Mexican is due to
their language. The Pocho, as
the Mexican-American is labled
in Mexico, speaks a combination of Spanish and English and
has developed many words and
phrases by combining the sounds
found in both languages, and as a
result these words resemble neither language. It is at the point
where the Mexican-American is
able to speak without being understood fully in either language.
In essence, he has developed
a third language. The same is
true for his entire culture, he
has developed a third culture.
The ironic thing being, that
the white American society uses
this same rational to discredit
and oppress the Mexican-American in this country. The only
difference is that they denounce
the Mexican ancestry, cultural
resemblance, etc.
As a result of this rejection,
the Mexican-American co u 1d
neither identify with Mexico or
the American society and was
left with three alternatives. The
first alternative was assimilation
into the American society at the
expense of losing their cultural
identity, and more tragic, their
cultural values. The second alternative was assimilation into
the Mexican society which would
require re-location into Mexico.
The third alternative was the
recognition of their marginal culture as a valid culture and developing it as their own instead
of attempting to identify themselves as either Mexicans or
Americans culturally. It is with
this thought in the- minds of thousands, that the Chicano movement began.
It was only in the mid-sixties
that a social movement began
around this marginal culture;
a movement aimed at creating
an identity within this margin.
An identity that would discredJ.
assimilation l n the traditto!
American sense, and centered
around th e i r cultural Values
which strongly reflect a rnuch
more human way of life than
the American society had reflected.
Though there was no social
movement to promote this marginal culture until the mid-sixties, the Mexican-American had
been a marginal people since 18 _
48 and had since then been bUildlng and autonomous culture and
value system.
The Chicano movement has
developed in the last few years
aimed at promoting awareness
that will bring identity, pride,
and dignity to the long unrecognized people of this new culture
This movement has chosen ~
name for its people which developed out of the poverty pockets
of this southwestern culture; they
have called themselves "Chicanos•. The word Chicano symbolizes both the marginal culture and the social movement
which promises to bring this
culture its long-overdue dignity.
Pesticides, Peril or Provider
By Manuel Fernandez
It would be an understatement
if I said that Agricultural Pesticides was not a controversial
issue and that it didn't concern
the chicano at all.
Pesticide use in the fields has
been one of the main gripes
of the chlcano long before Ceasar
Chavez's attack on aldrin. But
first there are a few facts everyone should know:
(1) Agricultural chem l ca Is
have made it possible for farmers
to feel such a large amount of
people and yet retain quality.
(2) They have helped wipe out
many diseases such as Malaria
in the South.
(3) Without these pestlcldes
we would have a sure famine within two years.
Before a farmer can use a
pesticide he has to receive a
permit from the County agricultural Office and they regulate
as to what he can spray, how
much and when would be the
safest time.
Before any chemical can go on
the market it must go through
various tests. Slnce they naturally cannot test on people they
use rats or rabbi ts and go throuih
several generations. Let me give
you an example of one of these
tests: This special test is used
to determine its toxicity or
LD-50. The LD-50 of any chemical is defined as the amount or
"lethal dosage" it would take to
kill one half of a test group of
rats. This is measured in milligrams of the substance per kilogram of body weight. The lower
the LD-50 the more toxic the
mate_rial. For example, aldrin
ha·s , an LD- 50 of 98, but let
me put it to you in grams. I
gram of aldrin is enough to kill
a person. This is very toxic.
Of course all these tests nave
one drawback: They can never
be tested on people. They cannot know for certain what the
affect will b3 on a human being
10 or 20 years from now. And
practically speaking, everyone
takes a certain amount of risk in
taking any chemical. Some petalclng any chemical. Some people take riskswhen they take penicilln if they don't know they are
allergic to it. But government
sponsored organizations and private laboratories such as the
FDA do everything possible to
cut these risks to a bare minimum. If they are later found to
be detrimental to human life they
are banned off the makket immediately. You see, research on
the material does not stop after it
is declared safe (if used correctly) but ti continues.
This might sound llke a lot of
rapping to some of you but every
point I make is important. I'm
not saying I agree with the poisoning of our people but· as an agriculture major I know a little
bit more about it than the average
student and I must defendtthe industry because I know the importance of it.
I don't think anyone would be
careless enoughtto use something
that could be fatal to human life;
except perhaps someone whosaw
dollar signs more vividly than a
child suffering from phosphate
poisoning.
In essence, this is the vital point
I was trying to make. Many of
these deaths and side effects don't
come directly from the pesticides
themselves but from people who
did not handle them properly and
people who did not use them within the limits of the law. There is
no doublt that farmers in the past
have sprayed illegally chemicals
that were restricted or at a time
when it was considered dangerous.
For instance, the cyclomates,
which were recently banned, were
originally intended for people
with dietary problems such as
diabetics. But instead were widely being used as artificial sweeteners. After being warned they
still went ahead with their capatalistic venture. Why? Most
llkely because it was cheaper to
produce. ironically, the largest
producer of it, AbbotLAboratories, has declared it cancer producing.
These and other examples have
proven to me once again that there
is no real evil in what man has,
is no real evil in what man has
created, but that the real evil lies
ln the way man has manipulated
it. Stricter law enforcement in
the use of pesticides is evidently
needed. Let us not be so harsh
as to say that if we do not start
banning a few we are all eventually going to be poisoned. Like nuclear power, pesticides can be
very beneficial to man. But ifnot
handled right they could destroy
the whole world.
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